Future of Nuclear Power in Sustainable Development Essay

With the population increase and economic growth, energy is becoming an essential part for development. To some extent, in any development process, reliable access to modern energy services is needed. However, the world is facing the energy imbalance: that of energy generation have consequences for the environment so meeting this growth in demand while safeguarding the environment poses a growing challenge. To date, the use of nuclear power has been concentrated in industrialized countries, which might play in filling the growing gap between what the world wants to consume in terms of energy and what the environment tells us we can sustain is considered. 1〠Development of Neural Power In the last few years, the nuclear power is mainly used in the industrialized countries. More and more countries pay their attention to the introduction of nuclear power programs, such as Turkey, Egypt, Jordan, Yemen, etc, not limited to Asia. Also, other countries such as Argentina, Bulgaria, Kazakhstan, and South Africa are working to expand their works. As is shown by statistics, of the world’s 439 currently operating nuclear power reactors, 403 (or 91%) are in either OECD countries or countries with economics in transition [1]. In terms of electrical generating capacity, 349 GWCe) out of 368 GWCe) , or 95% of nuclear generating capacity is installed in these countries. At present, nuclear power is a proven technology which has provided more than 16% of world electricity supply [2]. In the future of nuclear power, many different views are raised on its sustainable development, particularly to innovative reactors and fuel cycles [3]. There are a number of significant environmental benefits arising from the use of nuclear power, but it does raise its own environmental issues. During the operation, some radioactivity is released at a very low level into the environment either via filtered emissions to the atmosphere or in liquid form in the cooling water discharged to sea. Thus, on one hand, nuclear power is a hazardous energy and should be phased out. On the other hand, the nuclear power can be sustainably used. Comparing with the fossil-based energy, nuclear power does not emit CO2 and other hazardous emissions, which the impact of the nuclear power chains on the health and environment is less negative than those for fossil-based energy. Currently, Europe, North America and some countries in Asia have been enjoying the advantages of nuclear power. 2〠Status of Neural Power To date, the use of nuclear power is increasing. In terms of new construction, however , the pattern is different, 16 of the 30 reactors now being built are in developing countries and most of the recent expansion has been centered in Asia China, for example, currently has four reactors under construction, and plans a more than five- fold expansion in its nuclear generating capacity over the next 15 years. India has seven reactors under construction, and plans roughly a seven-fold increase in capacity by 2022. Japan, Pakistan and the Republic of Korea also have plans to expand their nuclear power capacity [4,5]. In the near future, additional countries in the Asia-Pacific region will choose the nuclear power option. Vietnam intends to begin construction of its first nuclear power plant in 2015. Indonesia plans to build two 1000 MW reactors in central Javaa. Recently, the Energy Generating Authority of Thailand announced plans to build two large nuclear plants, with construction to be gin in 2015. In Malaysia, a comprehensive energy policy study – including consideration of nuclear power- is to be completed by 2010 [6]. The resurgence of interest in nuclear power [7-9] is not limited to Asia. Other countries such as Jordan and Turkey are seriously considering or planning for the introduction of nuclear power programs. And many others, such as Aragentina, Bulgaria, Kazakhstan and South Africa, are working to expand existing programs. In the USA, where no new reactors has been ordered in 28 years, these trends, plus excellent performance of the existing nuclear fleet and financial incentives in the Energy Policy Act of 2005, have led to a race to develop new nuclear power plants. Twenty countries now have new plants either under construction or under development with well over half of these new nuclear plants likely to be built over the next two decades in five countries- China, India, South Korea, Japan and USA. Also, in the USA, several dozen reactors are in various stages of proposal development, while international nuclear vendors and service providers are forming new alliances. Finally, rising uranium prices have led to development of new mines. 3〠Rising Interest of Neural Power Any negative impact on the population health and environment is unacceptable. Once it happens, it will be phased out. The negative consequences for nuclear power would be the same. If it is not possible or too expensive to improve sufficiently their safety, we must insist on their closing. The international conventions for nuclear safety were carried out, which legally enhance nuclear safety. Also, the IAEA updated the safety standards for reflecting the best industry practices [10]. Importantly, both the IAEA and the world Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO) , created international networks to conduct peer reviews and exchange operating information to improve safety performance. Another important factor is the strong performance of nuclear power that drives the renewed interest in nuclear power. Up to date, with more than half a century of operating experience, nuclear power is becoming a mature technology. In the past two decades, more and more significant improvements are made in nuclear power plant reliability, as well as lower operating costs and a progressively improved safety record. 4〠Problems of Nuclear Power a) Management of radwaste Annually, the spent nuclear fuel produced is about 10,000 tons, which is small when compared with the nearly 28 billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) waste from fossil fuels [11, 12]. In addition, the radwaste is most concerned point in public. Based on the expert experiences, the reasonable geological disposal of high level radioactive waste is safe and feasible. But for public, it is likely remain skeptical, which the nuclear waste disposal will likely remain controversial. The emphasis in the problem of radwastes should be in obtaining the support of people. On one hand, we should provide true information on comparative assessment of different energy sources. We should provide a clear report that there is no risk for the population health and environment from radwaste repositories. On the other hand, as soon as possible the countries with suitable places for repositories should license them and start the disposal process. Moreover, cooperation will be effective to share the burden of the waste disposal cost for countries with small nuclear power programs. b) Technological innovation If we want to develop the new reactor or fuel cycle technologies, technological innovation is needed. Currently, the nuclear Research and Development (R&D) projects are focused on enhancing nuclear safety, reducing proliferation risks, minimizing waste generation and improving economic performance [13]. In particularly, many developing countries, such as some countries in Asia, have been devoted to develop small and medium size reactor designs. These designs allow a more incremental investment than is required for a large reactor, and provide a better match to grid capacity in many developing countries. To some extent, these reactors are more adapted in applications [14]. c) Nuclear non- proliferation With the increasing expectations for nuclear power, there are concerns regarding the spread of nuclear weapons and sensitive nuclear technology. However, at the same time, the nuclear proliferation should be prevented. Now, a safeguard system has been established to guarantee the peaceful application of nuclear technology. An integrated system of safeguards can and should permit effective control of non-proliferation by a combination of technical measures and the extension of institutional measures [15]. It would occur in two steps. The first step would create a mechanism for the assurance of supply of nuclear fuel, possibly including fuel bank to be managed by the IAEA. For countries that use nuclear fuel for electricity generation, this mechanism would severe as a supplier of last resort, thereby removing the risk of having their fuel supply interrupted for non- commercial reasons. The second step would seek to bring any new operations for uranium enrichment and plutonium separation under multinational control. These multinational controls should also be extended to facilities that already exist- to ensure that all countries are treated equally in terms of their nuclear capabilities. d) Economic cost Although cost is perhaps not a major factor affecting plans for nuclear power in most areas of the world, in the United States, which has the world’s largest nuclear program and sufficient growth in electricity demand to support substantial growth in generating capacity, the cost of electricity has been the dominant factor in determining what type of capacity gets built [16]. As the United States has moved to reduce the economic regulation of electricity generation, cost has become a competitive focus, and â€Å"capital cost is the single most important factor determining the economic competitiveness of nuclear energy† (University of Chicago, 2004, p. xi). In 2009 the U.S. National Academies published a large study of energy technologies. After reviewing many previous studies, the authors noted that â€Å"cost estimates in the open literature have varied by more than a factor of two. Recent estimates have ranged from $2400/kW to as much as $6000/kW† (Committee on America’s Energy Future, 2009, p. 526). These are cost estimates for the United States. High costs are seen in the much-delayed new Finnish reactor, discussed further below. Until new plants are built in the United States, costs will remain a major uncertainty and an obstacle to growth of the industry. e) Public opinion Dana Mead, chairman of the MIT governing body, commented that â€Å"Nuclear power generates the most varied public opinion of any power generation type. According to MIT studies, 39% of those polled feel it should be reduced, 35% feel in should be increased and 11% don’t believe it should be used at all — the highest fraction of people who are opposed to any type of generation† (remarks at the American Nuclear Society Annual Meeting, as quoted in Power Engineering, August 2007). In addition to proliferation and economic cost, the main controversies regarding nuclear power are whether the public will accept new nuclear plants, whether sites can be found where the public will accept a geological repository for their spent fuel, and whether future development should be based on the once-through or the closed fuel cycle [17]. Bringing the public into decision processes early will substantially improve the climate for nuclear power to go forward. (In the United States , the law requires that the federal agencies make the final decisions.) 5〠Future of Nuclear Power While there are still uncertainties ahead, it seems quite likely at this point that, in the near-term, new nuclear power plants will be built, both in countries that already have substantial nuclear programs and in new countries. Thus, the number of countries with nuclear power plants will increase, and since some of these countries have small grids and limited infrastructures, it is likely that smaller reactors will be used to meet some of these needs [18, 19]. In the near-term, nuclear power growth will likely be met by existing technologies and those technologies for which substantial development has already occurred. Nuclear power development will not be the only source of power to meet growing energy demands and growing concerns about global warming. The near term is also likely to see the development and deployment of more renewable power of current or evolutionary design, and possibly of clean coal technology. Other options, such as increased conservation and the deployment of more energy efficient end-use technologies, will also be exploited. In the longer term, more advanced nuclear power plants, such as the Generation IV power plants, will likely be deployed. These will be able to meet a more diverse range of energy needs than the current generation of large, centralized electricity-generating power plants can meet. Possible applications include process heat for industrial applications, the generation of fuels such as hydrogen for transportation, and a variety of possible off-grid applications [20-23]. Likewise, other energy-generating technologies will continue to develop and will be deployed as appropriate. In the much longer term, these could potentially include fusion power. If that is successful, it could ultimately replace some of the technologies of today, including perhaps nuclear fission power. 6〠Conclusion Nuclear energy alone is not a solution, but it is likely in the near Future to have an increasing role as part of the global energy mix. Through the analysis and investigation, it is clear that nuclear power can bring significant long term benefits in terms of increased access to energy and security of energy supply. Nuclear power at present does possess proven technologies that ensure adequate safety level and safe radwaste disposal. Non-proliferation of nuclear materials is effectively supported by the system of IAEA safeguards. This structure is sound and it provides the basis for the further development of nuclear energy. However, the nuclear industry needs to work on new, innovative technologies in order: on one hand, to reduce the costs and thus answer the strong challenge of competing energy generation technologies, on the other hand, to facilitate the dialogue between the nuclear industry and the public by providing more transparent, convincing solutions and designs A success ful development of innovative nuclear technologies addressing these two key challenges would permit a large-scale development of nuclear energy in the next century. Thus, in the foreseeable future, the need for the development and deployment of more advanced versions of today’s energy production technologies will continue, and all promising technologies should be pursued. It is likely that different technologies could be favored in different circumstances. These circumstances could be based on a variety of factors, including national policy, regulatory and other mechanisms in different countries, and geopolitical situations (remoteness, availability of particular resources, etc.). Globally, it appears that the world is likely to need substantial new contributions from all sources, particularly those capable of supplying significant amounts of clean, low-carbon energy. Nuclear power is one of the most promising of these sources. References [1] International Automatic Energy Agency , Nuclear Technology Review, August 2006, IAEA, Vienna , Austria. [2] Energy, Electricity and Nuclear Power Estimates for the period up to 2020, Reference Data series No. 1, July 2002, IAEA, Vienna , Austria. [3] International Automatic Energy Agency IAEA Bulletin, volume 49/1. September 2007, IAEA, Vienna, Austria. [4] Global Nuclear Energy Partnership, . [5] IAEA, 2008b.Nuclear Power Reactors in theWorld. IAEA Reference Data Series no. 2. Vienna. [6] IAEA, 2009. Energy, Electricity and Nuclear Power Estimates for the Period up to 2030. IEAE Reference Data Series no. 1. Vienna. [7] Jones, J.M., 2010. U.S. support for nuclear power climbs to new high of 62%. Gallup.com, March 30. 2010. [8] Sustainable Development in a Dynamic world, world Development Report- 2005, World Bank. [9] Bharadwaj, A., Krishnan, L.V., Rajgopal, S., 2008. Nuclear Power in India: The Road Ahead. Center for Study of Science. Technology & Policy, Bangalore (September). [10] Bilboa y Leon, S., 2009. Development of advanced nuclear reactors worldwide. Nucl.Plant J. September October. 27 (5), 36–42. [11] Rashad S.M. , Hammad , F.H.; Nuclear Power and the Environment ;Compartative Assessment of Environmental and Health Impacts of Eelectricity Generating Systems, Applied Energy 65 (2000) 211-229. [12] Rashad S.M. , Nuclear Power and the Environment Prospects and Challenges, Proceeding of Energy for Sustainable Development and Science for the Future of the Islamic World and Humanity Conference , Organized in Kuching / Sarawak , Malaysia 29 Sept-2 Oct. 2003 Islamic World Academy of Sciences, Amman , Jordan, 2006. [13] Innovative Technologies for Nuclear Fuel Cycles and Nuclear Power , Proceedings of International Conference held in Vienna, 23-26 Hune 2003 organized by IAEA et a1 , Vienna, Austria, 2004. [14] International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycle, . [15] Nuclear Power and Proliferation Resistance: Securing Benefits, Limiting Risk. American Physical Society, College Park, MD (May). [16] Chicago, University of., 2004. The Economic Future of Nuclear Power: Study Conducted at the University of Chicago. 2004(August). Cirincione, J., 2009. Chain reaction. Foreign Policy (May 7). [17] Nuclear Energy Study Group, American Physical Society Panel on Public Affairs, 2005. [18] MIT, 2003. The Future of Nuclear Energy: An Interdisciplinary MIT Study. . [19] Deutch, J.M., Forsberg, C.W., Kadak, A.C., Kazimi, M.S., Moniz, E.J., Parsons, J.E., 2009.Update of the MIT 2003 Future of Nuclear Power Cambridge, MA. [20] InterAcademy Council, 2007. Lighting the Way Toward a Sustainable Energy Future. Amsterdam. (October). [21] MacFarlane, A., Asselstine, J., Ahearne, J., 2008. The future of nuclear energy: policy recommendations . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (December 11). [22] MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), 2003. The Future of Nuclear Power: An Interdisciplinary MIT Study. Cambridge, MA. [23] Nuclear Energy Agency (France), 2008. Uranium Resources Sufficient to Meet Projected Nuclear Energy Requirements Long into the Future. Paris (June 3).

Success in Sales

Success in Sales (Willy Loman and Chris Gardner) â€Å"I don't know the key to success, but the key to failure is trying to please everybody† ~ Bill Cosby. Few needs of the person are greater than the need to be understood. To have a voice that is heard, respected and valued – to have an influence. Most of us believe that the key to influence is communication – getting your point across clearly and speaking persuasively.Initially the both characters -Willy Loman in â€Å"Death of the Salesman† and Chris Gardner in â€Å"Pursuit of Happiness† wanted to be understood and change their lives, so they can have influence on the world around them and became successful. But Willy Loman is hopelessly lost in his past. Chris Gardner lives today. He is not sure what tomorrow will bring but he knows that it`s up to him to change his future. His love for his little boy helps him survive and makes him stronger. Unlike Willy Loman Chris doesn`t predict his son`s f uture†¦but does what he can to make his son`s life brighter and happy.We can find some similarities between Willy Loman and Chris Gardner. They both work very hard to pursuit their dreams of a better life. Willy Loman drove many miles to try and sell things to maintain his family while Chris Gardner also would do anything to meet ends meet to help his family to survive. Willy Loman carried two heavy suit cases with him all the time, even though the business didn't go to well, his dedication to his family kept him going. Chris Gardner tried to do everything possible to sell his x-ray scanners so he could get the money to pay for apartment and family needs.Obviously Willy Loman loves his son Biff and wants him to have a successful life. It's quite sad that Willy favors one son over the other, but he still shows great fatherly love and care. He wants his son to succeed and become a big man, no matter what. Eventually after everything fails, Willy commits a suicide to get Biff mone y Oliver didn't give him. Chris also loves his little boy and endures many hardships to provide for him. He is trying to teach his son everything he knows, because he knows that the life might be rough for his son in future.Eventually Chris finds a new job opportunity so he can provide for his son. These both man have the same great desire to succeed in sales business. Willy Loman wasn't wrong, he had mental issues but appearance does play a big part in Salesman's life. Appearance is one of the major principles. His whole life Willy tried to please everyone, so he would be successful. But I think that eventually he became obsessed with his appearance†¦ Chris Gardner experienced minor success at the start of his carrier. But he never gave up, even in hard times; Chris took matters in his own hands and tried to sell remaining x-rays for money.Willy Loman and Chris Gardner may share some things in common, yet they are so magnificently different. They think differently, they have d ifferent values and motivations. Willy Loman`s story is a tragic story of the hopeful dream of one salesman that led to the damnation of an entire family. Willy is a man who is lost in the past and his mind is constantly tormented with the hopes and dreams he had years ago that have since fallen through. Chris Gardner lives his life today. His mind works hard to find ways to change his life for good. Chris doesn`t waste his time on talking about yesterday's achievements.Willy believes that all it takes to become successful is to be well liked. Chris Gardner does care about his appearance but prefers to practice good communication skills with everyone and knowledge of the business. Willy Loman had a dream that was not realistic; he also lied to his family. His pursuit of this dream led his entire family to live an illusion created by him – that they are better than everyone. In the end, he thought he had no choice but to kill him and try to make things better with insurance mo ney. Chris was always honest with himself and his family.For Gardner there were a lot of tense and hard moments to give up like losing an apartment and sleeping in a washroom with his son, but he kept his hard work and hopes to the very end†¦until he could say â€Å"this part of my life I call Happiness†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Trying to please everyone, to achieve success is not the key to sucess. You have to be yourself and judge situations in your life by your principles. People who try to be loved everyone eventually lose their principles and have no fundament to build upon. Appearance is a major factor of success in sales, you always have try to make a nice first impression.But appearance won't bring you success if you don't use intellect and be yourself. Willy Loman learned that the hard way which brought him into the grave; he tried to present himself as a successful, important and loyal man. Willy didn't know how to listen to others, and wanted the world to understand him. Chris Gardner worked very hard while staying true to himself and dedicated his son. Chris didn't present himself as someone he wasn't during interviews and tests, but he proved others that a man who can listen, and is trying to understand the world can be taught just about everything.

Predictors Of Malaria Parasite Prevalence Health Essay

Recent advancement in malaria control such as increased handiness and coverage of several intercessions, including insecticide-treated bed cyberspaces ( ITNs ) , effectual instance direction with Artemisinin-based combination therapy, indoor residuary crop-dusting of families, and intermittent preventative intervention IPT for pregnant adult females, is thought to hold reduced disease load. Targets have been set by the United Nations, the World Health Organization ( WHO ) and the Roll Back Malaria Partnership to increase coverage of control steps, cut down the figure of malaria instances and deceases by 75 % or more by 2015, and extinguish malaria in several states ( 2,4 ) . With expanded malaria control plans, several states in Africa have documented big and sustained lessenings in the load of disease ( 2 ) . In parts that have achieved low degrees of transmittal, farther malaria control and riddance will necessitate that intercessions are non merely incorporated into national contr ol plans and accepted and used by persons, but that symptomatic- and asymptomatic-infected individuals, particularly under 5 kids be identified and treated. Zambia is one of 11 states in sub-Saharan Africa that achieved a greater than 50 % decrease in the figure of malaria instances between 2000 and 2009 ( 2 ) . The prevalence of parasitemia in kids younger than five old ages of age decreased by 53 % between the malaria index studies in 2006 and 2008, except for Northern Province which is still demoing high malaria parasitaemia figures in under 5s of ( 6 ) . Among kids who are feverish, the proportion with the malaria parasites in their blood may transcend 50 % ( 1 ) while family studies among seemingly healthy kids have reported parasitemia degrees of between 10- 30 % ( 7 ) .This has deduction for diagnosing and instance direction, as undue trust on febrility and organic structure temperature lift as opposed to parasitaemia may overlook many instances of malaria which can do desperate wellness effects for the kid ( 9 ) .Apparently healthy kids in malaria endemic parts may harbour the parasite in their blood and these kids may still endure the long term sequalae of the disease such as cognitive damage and acrobatics ( 8 ) ( 9 ) . In add-on to its utility as grounds base for intervention, finding malaria parasitemia in under 5s is besides a step of malaria endemicity ( 10 ) . For these grounds it is of import to find the degree of parasitemia in any vicinity. In Zambia, malaria parasitaemia in kids under five fell from 22 % in 2006 to 10 % in 2008, but so increased once more to 17 % in 2010. The prevalence of terrible anaemia ( Hb & A ; lt ; 8g/dl ) in kids under five declined from 14 % ( 2006 ) to 4.3 % ( 2008 ) , but so up swinged once more to 9.2 % ( 2010 ) . The account for this upswing in malaria prevalence and anaemia is non clear ( Zambia National Malaria Indictor Survey 2010 ) . Furthermore, Mpika territory in Northern Province has a revealing image, showed a drastic addition from 12 % 2008 to 23.6 % 2010 in prevalence of malaria parasitaemia in kids under five ( 5 ) The load of malaria differs among different sections of the community. For case the frequence of febrility episodes and the prevalence of parasitemia vary between rural and urban countries ( 8 ) .This has been related to differences in community patterns. Whereas in urban centres, episodes of febrility are likely to be reported to public wellness Centres for intervention, in rural countries interventions are started with traditional redresss at place and wellness centres are merely consulted when the traditional redresss fail ( 9, 10 ) .Also poorness is an of import factor in malaria and the rural hapless are more likely to be nescient of preventative steps, less likely to entree prompt intervention and their kids are more likely to be ill nourished. In add-on, engendering sites for the mosquito vector are more abundant in the rural countries increasing the strength of transmittal ( 11 ) . The possible part of KAP surveies to malaria research and control has non received much attending in most Southern African states ( 12 ) . In Northern Province of Zambia, this is the first survey that will transport out to supply baseline informations about malaria related cognition, attitude and patterns among primary health professionals. Although many surveies in Tanzania and other African states have linked socio-economic and behavioural factors, community cognition, attitudes and patterns with malaria ( 13-19 ) , fewer surveies have been able to set up such a nexus between these factors and malaria epidemics. An apprehension of cognition, attitudes and patterns among primary health professionals and designation of the chief factors that influences malaria intervention and protective behaviors during epidemics is hence of import in the design and execution of appropriate malaria epidemic control schemes. Despite good cognition about malaria transmittal, marks and symptoms, interv ention and control in some surveies, this survey purpose to uncover grounds of cognition spreads about malaria by some primary health professionals in rural Mpika. A KAP survey done in Tanzania, some respondents reported that malaria is transmitted through imbibing contaminated/unboiled H2O, remaining in the Sun and working in rain. It is really surprising that in this survey and others in malaria endemic states, a important proportion of respondents associated malaria with imbibing contaminated H2O or other wrong causes. An even higher per centum of respondents gave the same responses in a survey conducted in Uganda ( 20 ) and in another similar survey in Zimbabwe ( 18 ) . Similar responses were besides reported in rural countries of West Africa ( 21-22 ) . Further, in line with two surveies in West Africa ( 20-22 ) , there was besides a failure by most respondents in Muleba territory to tie in anemia and icterus with malaria which in bend could take to failure to acknowledge malar ia instances and hence failure to seek appropriate wellness attention. With respects to steps to forestall malaria, there were perceptual experiences that ITNs are harmful to the wellness of users and more peculiarly to pregnant female parents ( 22 ) . Evidence of cognition spreads on malaria has been reported by other surveies. Winch and his co-workers found that people in Bagamoyo territory in Tanzania failed to tie in terrible malaria ( paroxysms ) in kids, terrible anemia and malaria in gestation with malaria which in bend lead to people ‘s failure to admit the full load and therefore public wellness importance of the disease in the country ( 24 ) . The cognition spreads revealed in this survey hence indicates that some people might hold opted for unsound steps of malaria control and protection and therefore contributed to the increased figure of malaria instances observed during the epidemic. In decision, these findings show that in order to accomplish the needed degrees of acceptance of malaria control measures, more accent should be placed on planing and execution of effectual wellness instruction intercessions that will turn to cognition spreads on malaria among communities and finally among primary health professionals of kids under 5 old ages of age.

Understand Ways of Using Motivational Theories in Organisations Essay

Understand Ways of Using Motivational Theories in Organisations - Essay Example Since the only thing that is constant in this world is change, successful leaders should take it as a challenge on how they can make use of different management technique(s) in responding to these changes. This report will first discuss the impact of different leadership styles on motivation in periods of change particularly in the case wherein the local authority is going through a period wherein organizational restructuring is essential. In the process of comparing the application of different motivational theories within the workplace, several examples on how motivational theory can be used in the workplace of Innocent Smoothies and Starbucks will be provided in details. After evaluating the usefulness of a motivation theory for managers, this report will discuss the importance of understanding the trait theories of leadership. 1.2 Rationale for Selecting Innocent Smoothies and Starbucks The initial business capital of Innocent Smoothies was  £500 worth of fruits before the company managed to earn a good reputation within the local beverage industry in UK (Hickman, 2007; Money Week, 2006). After going through a series of trials and failure, Starbucks also managed to become successful within the U.S. market first before the company decided to expand its business in other countries. Since these two companies are among the few fastest growing companies within the western food and beverages industry, this report will examine the personal traits of its leaders. 2.0 Motivational Theories The word motivation is referring to â€Å"the forces either internal or external to a person that arouse enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action† (Daft and Lane, 2008, p. 226). It means that employees who are highly motivated at work are most likely to show signs of higher productivity and ability to accomplish organizational vision and goals as compared to a group of employees who are not motivated at work. Employee motivation is important in terms of increasing the overall performance of the company, lowering the rate of employee turnover and absenteeism, effectively managing organizational change, and improving the overall organizational image (Kondalkar, 2009, pp. 245 – 246; Agarwal 1983, p. 319). To motivate employees, leaders should understand the Maslow’

A Financial Plan for Your Small Business Research Paper

A Financial Plan for Your Small Business - Research Paper Example This will capture audience attention because instead of them looking at the dust on the walls or floors, their attention will be captured in the areas where dirt is removed. In addition, the use of graffiti will be cost effective for the business as designing them are slightly cheaper compared to other advertising sources. Secondly, the business will also incorporate the use of stickers as a marketing strategy to attract the attention of audiences to visit the restaurant and order for a taste of their custom meal. The stickers will be positioned in open areas like walls, poles, and billboards to easily attract the attention of prospective customers. The stickers will be used for various purposes by the business with an intent of attracting the audiences and they will include marketing the brand image for the store. Secondly, the stickers will be used to avail information about the place, location, and products being offered by the business. Lastly, stickers will be used to increase sales in a business as they will create an interest among the audiences, hence eliciting a response from their side which may result in the purchase of the products being offered by the business. Lastly, the business may incorporate publicity stunts by sponsoring said or known artist with different talents to perform major stunts which have the ability to attract customers attention with a view of making them visit the restaurant. An example is that the business will look for famous individuals look alike of dynamo the greatest magician to perform an eye-catching stunt like swallowing fire or eating metal at the entrance of the business. While doing this he or she after completing the task my advice the audiences to visit the location more if they wish to see other stances he did not perform that particular day.  

The Role of Nurses in the Prevention, Care, and Management of Suicide Essay

The Role of Nurses in the Prevention, Care, and Management of Suicide - Essay Example The first section of the paper identifies the nature and symptoms of suicide. Nurses should be aware of the nature, signs and symptoms of suicide and the factors contributing to suicide risk. Determining who are at risk should be done immediately to prevent suicide, thus the second part of this paper determines the preventive measures that must be done to control the situation. The third part discusses the proper care for patients at risk of suicide. Although care for patients with suicide tendency is the main responsibility of psychologists and psychiatrists, nurses contribute to the wellness of the patients and the continuity of the recovery program. The fifth part suggests follow up actions that nurses can perform to ensure complete recovery of patients with suicide tendency. The sixth part gives the conclusion and summarises all the important points in the prevention, care and management of suicide cases in the hospital setting. The role of the nurse in the prevention, care, and management of suicide among hospital patients is very significant. The nurses are the ones who have the most direct and frequent contact with the patients, thus they may affect the mood and emotional condition of patients with suicide tendency. The case of suicidal patients is very sensitive, thus nurses should be equipped with the relevant knowledge and skills to identify and care for patients attempting to commit suicide.... e case of suicidal patients is very sensitive, thus nurses should be equipped with the relevant knowledge and skills to identify and care for patients attempting to commit suicide. The number of suicide cases in the UK has decreased in the past years (Joint Commission Resources 2007). Nevertheless, this does not make suicide less of a problem. The World Health Organisation declared suicide as a major global health concern, accounting for approximately one million cases worldwide annually (Voice of America 2009). Currently, it is one of the three leading causes of death for young people under 25. This rate makes suicide a serious problem in the field of health care. To address this issue, patients with suicide tendency should be identified right away for counselling and other relevant interventions. In the hospital level, nurses can help to address the problem by assessing and reporting the behaviour of patients. Therefore, it is necessary for nurses to know the signs of suicide to ef fectively act and elicit efforts from the concerned people to initiate prevention of suicide attempts and manage proper care of the patient. Currently, only a few nursing studies have addressed suicide specifically (Fitzpatrick and Wallace 2005; Bryan and Rudd 2011). Study and assessment of suicide cases revealed poor patient assessment, limited communication, and knowledge deficit of professional staff about suicide. In this regard, it is imperative for every nurse or health worker in general to be aware of the behavioural signs that can manifest as part of suicide risk. Also, it is important to understand the nature of suicide ideation and the factors that could lead a person to commit suicide. Suicide Prevention Suicide ideation or tendency results usually from depression. When people

Marketing Plan on coco pops kellogs in Australia Research Proposal

Marketing Plan on coco pops kellogs in Australia - Research Proposal Example The author of the study has not only developed a marketing plan to cater to the needs and requirements of the customers but also will help the company to maintain its profitability. Finally, the study will conclude with the evaluation of its existing marketing plan. The author of the study has focused on developing a marketing plan for Kellogg’s which not only focuses on providing healthy food to customers but also lay emphasis on the environment. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Situational Analysis 4 Competitor Analysis 6 Customer Analysis 6 Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats Analysis 7 Marketing Objectives 9 Marketing Mix: Kellogg’s 7P 10 Budget 12 Implementation of Milestones 15 Evaluation 16 Conclusion 17 Introduction: Kellogg’s Marketing Plan Kellogg’s is a multinational food corporation, which specializes in manufacturing cereal and other convenience food like crackers, pastries, toaster, cereal bars, waffles and other vegetarian foods ( Kellogg’s, 2013g). The brand includes regular cornflakes, frosted flakes, Special K, Rice Krispies, Coco Pops, Pringles, Nutri Grain and Pop ( Kellogg’s, 2013h). ... The main objective of the study would be to develop a marketing plan for Kellogg’s, in order to penetrate in Australian markets for providing children and adults a healthy meal without compromising the nutritional benefits. Finally, the study will deal with all the components of the marketing plan required for introducing a cereal into the market. The chosen market for the study is Australia because of its alarming rate of obesity and other diseases, which has become a growing concern for the Australian government. Situational Analysis The situational analysis would be conducted through PESTLE analysis, which is instrumental for understanding the external factors that have the potentiality of affecting Kellogg’s. Political The corporate tax rate in Australia is 30 percent which is higher than most of the developed countries. The high tax rate implemented by the government is to recover from the present economic slowdown. The existing cereal industries in Australia are s truggling to maintain its profitability. Economic: Although, there is an economic slowdown in Australia which has affected most of the industries to a large extent, the cereal industries have been performing quite well. Social: The Australian people are very health conscious and prefer cereal over other breakfast food because of its nutritional content and healthy ingredients. The social life of the Australian common people is very active and they prefer breakfast food like cereals which provides zeal and healthiness. Technological: Technology plays an important role in the cereal industry because apart from the manufacturing of cereal the packaging process is totally dependent on technology. Packaging process needs to be effective to ensure the freshness of the product and retain

Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Discussion Questions - Essay Example The ethical issues arising from downsizing are evaluated in terms of utilitarian ethical concepts that indicate the downsizing decision or action is morally or ethical valid if it results in the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Another ethical issue of downsizing examines the concept of rights and duties made famous by Immanuel Kant. According to Gilbert (2000), â€Å"the basic position here is that individuals have rights, either as humans, as citizens of a given country or state, or as occupants of a particular position. These right rights confer duties on others, and the morality of a given decision or act can be determined by an analysis of these rights and duties.† The ethical issue in this case arises when employees stress that they have rights to their jobs and therefore managers have a duty not to lay them off. Finally, the ethics of justice and fairness are evaluated in situations where it does not seem fair for one employee to be selected to be termin ated despite performing well.

Gender Ad Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gender Ad Paper - Essay Example The advertisement is for the bra and clearly illustrates a strong gender message of women as somewhat weak and the object of sexual desire. This message was purposefully created by the Wonderbra company, which looks to be a layout for presentation within a magazine. It is brilliantly detailed in solid colors, looking almost like a retro advertisement for a 1950’s woman, however caught in a contemporary scenario in the construction environment. The visual image of the hook catching her professional outfit to expose her underlying bra indicates that the crane operator was likely appealing to his own desires to view the unclothed female body and had deliberately snagged her outfit just to catch a peek. Again, this illustrates that the female consumer can be dominated by men in a very stereotypical role of the passerby being whistled at by lustful and isolated construction workers. The audience for this advertisement, interestingly, is actually for women in an effort to sell more bras to consumers. This would indicate that the company is attempting to create a connection with more subordinate women who might be thrilled by being caught in a similar experience. This would represent marketing which is attempting to relate to women who are business professionals who, in their personal lives, might enjoy a more risquà © social situation such as being the object of sexual desire in a construction environment. The message being sent in this ad clearly identifies women as being sexual and somewhat provocative, which is enhanced by the male worker mesmerized by the woman’s plight. He looks as though he is posed to come to her rescue, which again highlights a gender message being sent which makes women appear to be the less-dominant gender in need of masculine assistance. Clearly, sexuality is on the forefront of this

Is Advertising Good for the Economy Essay Example for Free

Is Advertising Good for the Economy Essay Nowadays, in business world, advertising is considered a powerful tool for competition. Consumers can get useful information from advertisements and can choose products which best suits them according to their needs. Advertising play a significant role in the US economy it assists American economy to function smoothly. Furthermore, it keeps prices low and helps the entry of new organizations in domestic and global market depends on the organization’s business. Advertising especially in the US, is considered as an economic work horse which has performed colossal feats with little credit. However, the work horse often pocks his nose in places where he is not supposed to. Unfortunately, according to O’Connor, â€Å"Unless product meanings change in the populations, advertisers continue to associate the same values with the same products†. (OConnor, 1996) At present, the US market has become a highly mobile consumer-centric society. In this speedy market everyday millions of dollars exchange through internet and by other sources. The American economy has been conquered by retail and service business industry, and in both industries ads play a fundamental role in boosting their products and services demand. In this regard, any retailing or service business industry if desired to get succeed, both must advertise their product for consumers about product quality, cost and some useful information. In this context, outdoor signs have experienced as the most rapid communicative and cost effective tool. In the year 2004, the economy of Missouri generated approximately 108 billions dollars. According to a research conducted by Davidson revealed the facts that in the year 2004, the aggregate economic activity produced by ads, which includes direct expenditure, goods provider spending and inter-organization activity generated approximately twenty percent of the nation’s 548 billion dollar economic activity and also provided around 429,700 jobs, or fifteen percent of the nation’s workforce of 2. 9 million. Interestingly, the study also showed that the total income earned from the advertising industry was about 108 billion dollars that had a direct link with 54 billion dollars sale. In the same year, around 429,654 individuals got jobs through advertising and positively affected Missouri’s economy in a healthy way. Moreover, 94257, jobs were generated in sales department in various organizations which was the outcome of excessive adverting in all sorts of media. Furthermore, the idea of outdoor signs in America gained so much popularity and in this regard both sate and federal state declared signage as a secure, fast and easy way for advertisement. The study also disclosed that the ads simulated additional buys by providing significant and useful information to a wide range of consumers in the household and businesses, which was also a crucial factor in the market economy. (Davidson, 2005) Due to severe business competition among most of the business organizations in the US, an overwhelming growth of adverting agencies has been observed. Advertising agencies list have showed a constant growth over the past few decades, other than agencies contributed the honor in former years, none have offered substantial or handsome national ads or print campaigns. In spite of a collective ten percent growth in billings from 1. 781 billion dollars in 2004 to 1. 963 billion dollars in 2005 a huge number of ads agencies received a decreased in accounts also declined in cash flow and profitability. According to a study conducted by insider’s reporters from Universal Mc Cann showed that, advertising expenses increased by 4. 5 percent in the year 2005 as compare to 2004 figures. Interestingly, during that rising period black ad agencies did not contribute to country’s economy as much amount as predicted. (Advertising agencies, 2006) A study conducted by The Direct Marketing Association showed that, in New York, in the year 2005, different organizations spent around 161 billion dollars on direct marketing. When this investment measured against total New York income this also had a direct relation with the advertising expenses of that period. Entirely, direct marketing share was 10. 3 percent of the total US Gross Domestic Product in 2005. (Growth Trends Continue, 2005) In the past decade, a tremendous growth has been seen in online advertisement In this regard, two different images marked the way of efficient online advertising which included: direct response or brand building. Due to the abundance availability of computers online advertisement has become a yardstick for consumers. Advertising especially in the US, developed in reply to a huge expansion in markets. For example, product manufacturers and service sellers attempts to reach ever growing customers throughout the nation. In this context, many organizations have adopted technological equipment, better management and so on to meet not only the desired quality of the customers but also provide products on time. According to a research conducted by Molinari and Turino in 2006: o Expenses on ads are positively correlated with Gross Domestic Product. o Both consumption and investment has a direct relation with ads expenditures. o The organization’s ads positively impact on family demand of good. As a whole, it connotes that ads positively impacts the aggregate utilization of the economy as if it were an exogenic demand shock. o At state level advertisers contribute a multitude of taxes which normally includes, property tax, state income tax so forth. (Molinari and Turino, 2006) â€Å"The latest e Marketer estimates put total US Internet ad spending at $16. 4 billion this year, a 30. 8% gain over last years $12. 5 billion. The prime engine behind such strong growth is Google, whose US online advertising revenues are expected to be more than $4 billion (after subtracting traffic acquisition costs paid to network partners). † (Hallerman, 2006). Outstanding results of advertising will continue to come in the last months of 2007; with aggregate US online ad spending reaches at the end of this year around 19. 5 billion dollars. Nonetheless, this will be because of overall US economic weaknesses, in the United States real Gross Domestic Product growth is likely to down from over 3 percent in the year 2006 to around two percent in 2007. It is interesting to note that, in spite of the fact that the United States economy is considered a soft economy, growth in online advertisement will continue to rise by 17. 5 percent in the next year. Merrill Lynch a media analyst Lauren Rich Fine said on Friday, December 1, as reported by Media Post, 2. 6 percent expenditure on aggregate ads for 2007 is not astonishing, and can be devoted as a more muted economic in the following year. Furthermore, as Steve Fredericks, the president and CEO of TNS Media Intelligence, said e Marketer in early December, â€Å"We see GDP remaining sluggish at least through the first half of 2007†. (Hallerman, 2006) The year 2008, the United States Gross Domestic Product is expected to get closer to three percent. Online advertisements will also bounce with a 22. 1 percent significant increase as compare to 2007. This is also expecting that, due to the fact that political races primarily depended on internet communication, with the 2008 election, ads will share a significant amount on overall country’s economy. Besides, 2008 summer Olympics will also play a tremendous role in advertisement investing. (Hallerman, 2006). A study conducted by Direct Marketing Today (DMA), the study primarily reported the top line outcomes from the DMA insight econometric model of the United States direct marketing activities for the state as a whole, the Business to consumer (B2C), Business to Business (B2B), the most important direct marketing media, and for the economy’s of around 50 organizations group. Some study’s interesting findings are: Continue Growth By the year 2009, it is estimated that the sales driven by direct marketing will grow by 6. 4 percent, which will be 5. 3 percent up if compare to 1999 to 2004 figures. Jobs DM- driven employment is forecasted to grow by two percent per annum throughout 2009. The report also showed that, in the year 2005, direct marketing expenses directly supported 10. 6 million jobs. That was not only included direct marketers but also other employees whose requirement were needed to fulfill increased orders produced by direct marketing. High Return on Investment In 2005, an investment of dollar 1 in direct marketing ad expenses returned, on average 11. 49 incremented incomes across all organizations. Important Part of the Advertising Mix â€Å"Direct marketing advertising expenditures accounted for 47. 9% of total advertising in 2004, up from 46. 9% in 1999†. (Growth Trends Continue, 2005) Conclusion In today’s world of complex business, in order to survive in a severe competition market both domestic and international organizations paying a large amount of their product cost in shape of advertisement. Certainly, virtually all types of business even those not perceived as major marketers rely on advertising for their economic well-being. As discussed above, no body can deny the statement that, in the US ads play a vital role in boosting up the nation’s economy. Thousands of individuals every year get jobs through internet, newspapers, billboards and TV ads, consequently, decreasing unemployment ratio of the country. Throughout it has also been observed that, expenditures on ads have a direct link with the US total sale of each year. In this regard, ads share a fairly large amount in the US Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Certainly, through advertising almost all consumers come to know about product cost its specific features and most importantly ad gives a consumer an open right to discriminate between two identical products and buy the good one. References Advertising agencies: (June, 2006), A sluggish economy, reduced margins, and institutional racism are delivering severe blows to black ad agencies. Black Enterprise, Davidson Jim, (2005), Davidson Company for The Advertising Coalition Growth Trends Continue for Direct Marketing, (September 29, 2005) http://www. the-dma.org/cgi/disppressrelease? article=704 Accessed, July 27, 2007 Hallerman David, (DECEMBER 6, 2006)Internet Advertising Will Weather a Sluggish Economy, Growth in Internet ad spending will slow next year before rebounding in 2008. http://www. emarketer. com/Article. aspx? id=1004345 Accessed, July 27, 2007 Molinari Benedetto, Turino Francesco, (May 31, 2006), The role of Advertising in the Aggregate Economy: the Working-Spending Cycle OConnor Gina Colarelli, (1996), Translating Values into Product Wants, Journal of Advertising Research, Volume: 36. Issue: 6. Page Number: 90+.

Impact of training on employee motivation

Impact of training on employee motivation The Impact of Training and Development on Employee Motivation and its impact on Customer satisfaction at Chiswick Mcdonalds Abstract My research will investigate the impact of training and development on employee motivation. It will further examine the mediating effect on custoemr satisfaction. A sample of 25 employees will be selected to test the reliability of the model. The significance of the study, its delimitations and limitations are discussed. INTRODUCTION PROPOSED RESEARCH TITLE The impact of Training and Development on employee Motivation and its impact on Customer satisfaction at Chiswick Mcdonalds. Background of the Study The role The role of employee (the performance of employees) in attaining and maintaining the quality of output motivation is above any question. Too much budget is being spent on the administrative, marketing and other side of development (management development, re-structuring, etc.), less attention is given to the underlying dimensions of the employee Performance. The ability of an employee is often thought to be the sole criterion for his/her performance. This oversimplification of the phenomenon results in an oversimplified solution of the problem. The most often exercised solution is the conduction of professional training programs, usually in the relevant areas. This tendency of considering performance being outcome of only ability, leads to many undesirable consequences. Firstly the selection of employees is not on the bases of the nature of job, or hes not shown or doesnt knows the JDs of what he has to perform, or no proper training is given to them, while ignoring the impo rtance of on-the-work-motivation which may affect the performance of the individual. In fact, the Performance of employees is a construct with a variety of underlying dimensions. With all these issues in mind the aim of this research is to develop and test a model for Employee Performance. The model will analyze The Role of Training Development, and motivation on the performance of employee 3. Studys Relation to Theory and Literature Literature Review 3.7 Summary 3.1 Introduction 3.2 3.3 Training equipments and Performance 3.6 Environment and Performance 3.5 Training methodology and Performance 3.4 Employee commitment performance 3.2 Training analysis performance Figure 2.1 INTRODUCTION A study was conducted by ann stes, mieke clement on the topic of The effectiveness of a faculty training program: influencing factors in this article it was said that, in view of the investments made, one should not be surprised that, in times of growing attention for accountability, questions with regard to the impact of faculty development initiatives are raised. Consequently, the impact of the training program for novice faculty was evaluated with a written survey shortly after the training was completed (see also stes, clement nelissen, 2002). In todays research literature, a lot of attention is devoted to the impact of faculty development initiatives (Gibbs Coffey, 2000; McAlpine, 2003). However, before questioning the effect of the training program, one should seriously think about the underlying framework and the accompanying outcomes one wishes to achieve (Gilbert Gibbs, 1998). A Study was conducted named Driving simulator fidelity and training effectiveness. By the follow ing J.C.F. de Winter1, P.A. Wieringa1, J. Dankelman1, M. Mulder2, M.M. van Paassen2, S. de Groot1The existing organizational culture (the change environment) will undoubtedly constrain or promote this development (Clarke Hollingsworth, 2002; Trowler Cooper, 2002). The main reasons for pursuing higher levels of fidelity appear to be based on the assumption that higher fidelity improves validity of performance and improves transfer to real car driving. The downside is that, generally, higher fidelity increases costs (e.g.,AGARD, 1980; Roza, 2004). Stereo presentations have been reported to improve task performance in simulated environments (e.g., mollenhauer, 2004; kim et al (2005)). Several studies yield mixed results (mollenhauer et al, 2004; nash et al, 2000) or indicate that a stereo presentation may reduce performance when display artefacts are present (pfautz, 2003) The training application was designed based on the framework espoused by the constructivist view of learning. Dalgarno (2001) outlined three broad principles of this view based on studies by Kant (1946) and Dewey (1938) for the first principle, Piaget (1969) for the second principle, and Vygotsky (1978) for the third principle. The first principle informs that individuals formed their own representation of knowledge and there was no particular correct representation of knowledge. The second principle prescribes that learning occurred when learners uncovered a deficiency in their knowledge representation or an inconsistency between their current knowledge representation and their experience during active exploration. Learning that takes place within a social context is the third principle of this constructivist view. These three broad principles have been adopted in formulating approaches to the teaching and learning process. A research conducted on How military research can improve team training Effectiveness in other high-risk industries by Jeffrey M. Beaubien, Ph.D., David P. Baker, Ph.D., Amy K. Holtzman, M.A. American Institutes for ResearchOser and colleagues define scenario-based training is a systematic process of linking all aspects of scenario design, development, implementation, and analysis (Oser, Cannon-Bowers, Salas, Dwyer, 1999) . Similar to simulator-based training, TCT has been widely applied in aviation and has recently been introduce in healthcare. In aviation, TCT is referred to as Crew Resource Management (CRM) training (Salas, Fowlkes, Stout, Milanovich, Prince, 1999). so, this shows the relationship of performance with all other factors are given below Summary I suggest that perception of supportive managerial activities affect moderating on training effectiveness through effects on performance. Supportive managerial practices are positively related to the positive performance, which mediate effects on motivation. I intend to replicate this model by altering the theme and thus testing the training effectiveness- moderating relationship of supportive managerial practices with motivation and performance. 4. The Study The Significance of Study The study will broaden our understanding of employee performance by including the role of management in the proposed model. Since the traditional view of employee performance is very narrow, current study will add to existing body of knowledge by signifying: The role of training on employee performance The role which of employee commitment and motivation with performance. It will further strengthen the research finding regarding the antecedents of training effectiveness. By looking into the motivational aspect of Employee Performance, the study will Signify the importance of antecedents of motivation for performance It will greatly facilitate the policy making bodies to evolve a comprehensive view Of employee Performance and thus undertake necessary administrative Adjustments accordingly. A concomitant aim of this study is to test the discussed western theories and model in an eastern advancing country (Pakistan) The Theoretical Framework This research will be utilizing the following theories to build its conceptual framework: Expectancy Theory of Motivation (Vroom, 1964) (Context for this Research: Higher Perceived Organizational Support will result in high organizational commitment and job satisfaction, (high instrumentality) and this will result in high work-motivation. Conceptual Framework Based on stated review of literature and theories, following conceptual framework is devised to conduct this study: Employees perception of supportive organizational practices and training effectiveness contribute to motivation, which in turn mediates the impact of these practices on performance Research Questions Main Question: Does training mediate the relationship between managerial Practices and Performance through mediating the Motivation of Employees performance? Sub Questions: Does training builds employee commitment? Does environment effects employee performance? Does training methodology training equipments build motivation? Key Terms of the Study Defined Organizational Commitment The affective commitment of employees to the organization is termed as organizational commitment. Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction is a work-related attitude, which indicates that employee is not dissatisfied with the job. But this in itself does not motivate employee. (Herzberg, Mausner Snyderman, 1959). Motivation Simply stating motivation is the force behind any action. In the model under consideration motivation is force to perform. Performance The work-related output or outcome of organizational employees in his/her performance. The Methodology Research Design In line with the requirements of the research, a longitudinal research design will be used. The data, as indicated in the coming lines, will be collected over a period of almost three months. Sampling Technique and Sample: Stratified-random sampling technique will be used to take care of both public and private sector institutions, appropriate stratification will be undertaken to represent both male and female Teachers. A sample, each of 200 employees, will be used to conduct the study. In this study the data about the attitudinal variables regarding perception of human resource practices will be collected at time 1 while the data concerning personal attitudes (training, employee Commitment, techniques, Motivation Performance) will be collected, at time 2, about 3 months after time 1 to draw a conclusion about the casual nature of relationships. Tools of Data Collection: Data on all the variables will be collected through questionnaire. Measures: Organizational commitment Commitment will be measured with a 9-item version of the organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ; 1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree; Mowday, Steers Porter, 1979) proposed by Bozeman and Perrewe (2001). They suggested that several items in the OCQ may be confounded with withdrawal intentions and proposed a 9-item version that removes withdrawal-related items. We conducted all analyses using both the full and the 9-item OCQ and found no substantive differences in the results. Various researches reported that results using the 9-item version that removes withdrawal-related items. A sample item is I really care about the fate of this organization. The validity and reliability analysis of the instrument can be found in Allen, D.G., Shore, L.M. Griffeth, R.W. (2003). . Job satisfaction. Job satisfaction will be measured with a 4-item scale (1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree) developed by Price (1977). A sample item is I feel satisfied with my job.(David G. Allen et al, 2003). Motivation: Motivation will be measure by an instrument, which was adopted by House Dessler (1973). The Responses categorizing seven point Lickert scale ranging from definitely not true to definitely true. Factor analysis will be carried out to reveal two factors. Factor one: Performance and Reward Belief. And Factor two: effort and performance belief. ( Henry P. Sims, J.R, et al, 1976). The validity and reliability analysis of the instrument can be found in Sims, H.P., Szilagyi, A.D., McKemey, D.R. (1976).. Performance: Supervisors will rate employee performance by indicating the extent of their agreement with each statement on a 5-point Likert-type scale (1=Below satisfaction to 5=Excellent) This practice had been adopted by most of the public (University of the Punjab) and private (Superior university) educational institutions in Pakistan. Supervisors will be asked to compare each rated employee with the average of other employees holding similar jobs. Supervisor rated performance evaluation method had been successfully used in different studies like Williams and Anderson (1991) Organ, and Near (1983). And specially with reference to Organizational support theory this method had also been adopted by. Lynch, P.D., Eisenberger, R., Armeil, S. (1999). Ethical Considerations The subjects of study will be briefed about the nature of study before collecting data. The data provided by the respondents will be kept confidential. Further, the data collected from students, peers and immediate-supervisor about the motivation and performance of individuals will also be kept confidential and will only be used for research purposes. Delimitations and Limitations Delimitations: This study is restricted to the Employees: With 02 or more years of experience (02 years are supposed to be minimum Appropriate time period to make a mind about HR practices) Limitations: Motivation is a deeply rooted psychological phenomenon the antecedents of Which may be more complex than organizational commitment and job Satisfaction. The performance is not only the function of motivation but also that of ability. This aspect of proposed model invites further research. Statistical Analysis The exact nature of detailed statistical analysis is not known at this stage of the study, but some major steps are: Use of Factor Analysis for Questionnaire Development. Descriptive Statistics, including demographics will be provided about the subjects of study. Regression Analysis will be applied using SPSS (statistical package). Confirmatory Factory Analysis will be carried to confirm the model. Results and Discussion Results of the study will be discussed to check the significance of proposed model. Further the implications of study for both theoretical and practical purposes will be discussed. Further, scope for future research in this area will be highlighted.