INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - The ways it has been changed Essay

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - The ways it has been changed - Essay Example There is tremendous reason to expect that the development of information technology will considerably affect the trade-offs intrinsic in various structures for organizing work, the theoretical basis for these changes remains badly understood. According to the website som.csudh.edu, in the age of information, technology is in the forefront in the way we work and communicate. Many companies must now conform to the needs of many to satisfy the few. No longer is money the only criteria for companies to survive. Challenges such as global competition, technological innovation and customer service persist more so today than any other era. In order for the companies to exist in the industry and preserve what they can, they have taken a bold step in reorienting themselves. One way of doing this is through the use of Information Technology (IT) which can be defined as "computer and telecommunications hardware and software that aid in the processing, collection, and transmission of text, voice, and pictorial information" (Lahti, 1994, p. 1). With this technology, I as an employee can do my work virtually anywhere and at anytime that IT allows. The fundamentals of technology allow me to explore many ways of providing accurate and ac cessible information. The organization must form an infrastructure that will be incorporated into the corporations for its survival. Technology has played a most important role in shaping an organizational structure and processes, and is one of the main catalysts for organizational change. Technological innovation in the factory and office has accelerated lately and foreign competitors have been adopting these innovations promptly and effectively. Unless, companies do the same, they will be at huge disadvantage. Many of the barriers to effective use of new technology are managerial and organizational, rather than technological. For instance in my work we are still semi-computerized, we are still using manual operation in some instances, because of that our report used in meetings or for decision making is not updated. This means that organizational structure is directly associated to the usefulness of technology. The terms, organizational structure and information technology, are subject to various interpretations. Management teams in the 1980's keenly anticipated that new technology would answer the organization problems. Information technology, a term broadly used, is seldom defined. Information refers to the use of two or more elements of data. Information is subject to broad interpretation. In most organizations, on the other hand, data and information are used interchangeability. Organization refers to a group of people working together towards a common goal or objective. Structure is the summary of the ways in which a firm's labor is directed and coordinated into tasks. This definition of organization leads to the supposition that there exists a division of labor. The classical organizational model, the Elite model, was constructed over 50 years ago. Some organizations still follow this model that stresses stability, centralization, division of labor, and command and control. Technology has also influenced the organizational structure. Organizations of the past had cultures that reflect the values of bigness, hierarchy, and rigidity, have little craving to upgrade their technological equipment. Because of these unyielding and inflexible hierarchical structures, U.S.

Research Project Climate Change Essay Example for Free

Research Project Climate Change Essay INTRODUCTION Climate change is the variation of the weather in global scale which include changes in temperature, precipitation, nebulosity and other phenomena. These variations last for an extended period of time (decades to millions of years) and they can be caused by external forces (variations on the solar activity, orbital variations, impact of meteorites), internal forces (volcanic eruptions, plate tectonics, El Nino), or by results of the human activity (global warming). Global Warming There are many questions about global warming, from its causes to its effects, and many people even question whether or not it even exists. Global warming is described as the increase of the average temperature of the Earth caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities, such as deforestation, use of fertilizers, fossil fuel combustion and cement production. According to the global warming theory, the intensification of industrial activities during the twentieth century (based on the fossil fuel combustion such as petrol and coal) increased the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. The increase of the global temperature and the new composition of the atmosphere lead to several alterations which affect the elevation of the sea level, heat waves, droughts and heavy rainfall, ocean acidification and species extinctions, to name a few. Greenhouse effect and the emission of CO2 Greenhouse gases keep the Earth warm through a process called the greenhouse effect. If it were not for the greenhouse gases trapping heat in the atmosphere, the Earth would be a very cold place. Greenhouse gases are any of the atmospheric gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation produced by solar warming. They include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and water vapor. Greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, but the elevated levels are directly blamed to human activities, specially the production in excess of carbon dioxide when any material containing carbon is burned, such as oil, coal, natural gas, or wood. However it is controversial whether the human activities are to blame for the global warming due to the emission of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide represents a very small percentage of the gases in the atmosphere (only 0.032%) and it is immediately absorbed by the vegetation, in all kind of environments, without any possibility of accumulation anywhere. The population that consumes CO2 (plants) is much bigger than the population that is emitting this gas (men and machines). Besides, the energy used in the process of removing CO2 from the atmosphere is endless: the solar energy. Mainly, the determining factors of the climate change are basically the energy of the sun or insulation and the speed of the rotation and translation of the Earth. Is Global Warming Real? Although the whole world is aware of the global warming issue and is afraid of what its impacts could do in the coming future, there are those who still believe global warming is a fiction and does not exist. The global warming debate in many parts of the earth is ranging more than before. One of the world’s best known climate change sceptic John Coleman, who co-founded the Weather Channel, has claimed that the theory of man-made climate change is no longer scientifically credible and rising global temperatures points to a natural phenomenon within a developing eco-system. According to Coleman, global warming has become a political and environment agenda item, but the science is not valid, and efforts to prove the theory that carbon dioxide is a significant greenhouse gas and pollutant causing significant warming or weather effects have failed. â€Å"The impact of humans on climate is not  catastrophic†, he says, â€Å"our planet is not in peril. It is all a scam, the result of bad science.† (John Coleman, 2014) On the other hand, former Vice President Al Gore, who had an award-winning documentary film in 2006 called An Inconvenient Truth which discusses the present and future effects of global warming, continues his fight against global warming and says that â€Å"we simply cannot continue to use the atmosphere as an open sewer for dirty and dangerous global warming pollution that endangers our health and makes storms, floods, mudslides and droughts much more dangerous and threatening.† (Al Gore, 2014). He supports the adoption of renewable energy such as solar and wind power and enforces bold new standards for fuel economy. CONCLUSION Whether global warming is a consequence of human activities or other phenomena (or both), it is real and climate change is happening. We should all do our part to help alter the future path of human-induced warming by adopting a more responsible lifestyle to reduce the amount of CO2 emission by reducing waste, recycling, switching to green power (wind and solar), planting trees, carpooling and so on. Also, less energy use means less dependence on the fossil fuels that create greenhouse gases and contribute to global warming. REFERENCES Climate Change. – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change (Online; accessed 14-November-2014). Global Warming. – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming (Online; accessed 14-November-2014). Global Warming. – NOAA National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved from http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-references/faq/global-warming.php (Online; accessed 14-November-2014). Coleman, J. (2014) Global Warming Greatest Scam in History! – Global Warming And The Climate. Retrieved from http://www.global-warming-and-the-climate.com/ arguments-against-global-warming.htm Gore, A. (June 18, 2014) The Turning Point: New Hope for the Climate. Rolling Stone. Retrieved from http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/ the-turning-point-new-hope-for-the- climate-20140618 Statement by Former Vice President Gore on Australias climate policy. July 17, 2014. Retrieved from blog.algore.com (Online; accessed 19-November-2014).

osmosis in potato chips :: essays research papers

GCSE Biology: Osmosis in a Potato Aim To investigate the effect of placing a piece of potato in a given strength of sugar solution. Prediction I predict that, as the solution becomes more concentrated the more the cell will shrink, as the water, of higher concentration inside the potato cells, flows down a concentration gradient into the solution, which has a lower concentration of water molecules. If we say that the percentage change when the potato is placed in the 1M solution is x%. I predict that when the solution is 0.5M the percentage change will be 0.5x%, and when the solution is 0.25M strength I hypothesise the change will be 0.25x%. Variables Description: Dependant Variables The dependant variable is plotted on the y-axis. In this experiment this is the change of mass of the potato when it is placed in different strengths of sugar solution. Variables Description: Independant Variables The independant variable is plotted on the x axis and is what you choose to change in the experiment. In this experiement it is the strength of the sugar solution. Variables Description: Constant Variables These stay the same all the way through the experiment and are the fair test rules. In this experiment that are that the amount of sugar solution used must always me 10.0ml. This is to be placed into the test tube. The solution needs to always be at the same temperature. We will make sure that all experiments are at 20 degrees centigrade before we start the experiment. The size of the potato sample that we place into the solution also needs to be kept constant. A mass of 2.5-2.6g is sensible. The diameter is fixed as the potato cork borer always measures to the exact same measurement. We also needs to make sure that the potato is left in the solution for the same time, 30:00 minutes. Equipment †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Potato †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Standard Sugar Solution †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wash Bottle †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Test Tubes and Test Tube Rack †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cork Borer †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scalpel †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cutting Board †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scales accurate to 2.d.p †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10ml Syringe †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paper towels †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ruler †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stop Watch Method 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Firstly, the cork borer needs to be used to cut out a piece of potato at least 4 cm in length. This allows room for trimming off untidy edges. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the cutting board the cylindrical piece of potato needs to be cut to 35mm. Using a ruler, measure this as accurately as possible and cut the potato to 35mm in length using a scalpel. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Using the scaled weigh the potato to 2.

The Global Transportation Industry: Bombardier Essay -- Case Study

Political Factors Being a major player in the global transportation industry, governments are both partners and customers to Bombardier. The transportation industry is seen as a quintessential strategic industry due to its highly profitable nature and contribution to a country's economic growth and prosperity, attracting significant support from their governments. The Government of Canada provides Bombardier with various subsidies such as tax breaks, financing, loan guarantees, and R&D support. The federal government, through EDC (Export Development Canada) administer these subsidies, even providing loans to international airlines enabling them to buy regional aircrafts from Bombardier . Such initiatives are necessary to allow Bombardier to thrive in an industry dominated by state backed international rivals. However, the issue of unfair subsidizing to undercut completion has been subject to legal cases and numerous allegations among the major rivals. The impact of this attention is being seen in the form of more conservative subsidy measures. In the light of such scrutiny, this trend is set to continue, forcing Bombardier to evolve into a more independent self sustained company. Economic Factors Along with the rest of the world, Bombardier has suffered the ill effects of the recession. However, there is an upward trend in the transportation industry led by growing demand and impressive economic growth forecasts in developing nations such as China and India. For the next 20 years, a return to sustained growth in business aviation is predicted, with a estimated demand for 24,000 business jets in all segments in which Bombardier competes. This represents total revenues of approximately $626 billion for the industry. These fac... ...any that is able to sell at a higher rate than cost has a greater chance of being more successful. Overall, Bombardier has been able manage a gross profit in the range of 15-16%. Given the nature of their operations being mostly on a contract basis, meaning that their product prices differ by customer, this shows that Bombardier is able to successfully sell their products at a consistently profitable manner. Additionally, it represents their ability to negotiate with customers. Of great notice is that they were able to maintain their margin levels throughout the recession of 2008-2009. Sources: Wiedman, 2002: http://www.camagazine.com/archives/print-edition/2002/dec/regulars/camagazine25484.aspx Stanford & Eprile, 1999 http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6419/is_3_73/ai_n28735186/ SEC press release, 2004 http://www.sec.gov/news/press/2004-144.htm

Intergrated marketing communications

The main form of research for my assignment will be through the library and Internet. I will do research into companies that are based out there as Motorola companies will produce company reports, which can be found either on the Internet or in libraries. This section provides a detailed account of the research undertaken to complete this assignment and further, goes on to analyse the strengths and weaknesses of each particular method. It is used to give support of the benefits thought to be associated with each research method. With my knowledge of the Chinese markets mixed in as well, I will hopefully Produce assignment that will be unbiased and concise. Executive Summary As the number one of the foreign export-import electronic company in China, was in unique position, Motorola has established a strong infrastructure and developed powerful relationships in China. As the China become more open and developed today, all the world organisations are likely to build their business in China. As the first telecommunication company who is entry in their business in China, Motorola has successfully earned Chinese market, how does this communication skills as they used, this is the main topic of this assignments. 1) China market environment For the BBC news reports: the US businesses community see the world's most populous country as potentially their most profitable market, and the US interests hope an open Chinese market could help pull the economy out of its present slump. Why is that? Thought it took 10 years to build a mobile user base of 10 million in China, the number of subscribers increased from 10 million to 100 million in less than four years. Currently, China mobile telecommunication market is nothing short of Stellar – no other market in the world is adding 5 million mobile subscribes a month (2001) to their customer base. China's mobile communications market, with over 120 million user by mid-2001, has over taken the US to become the largest mobile phone market in the world. China is already the largest market for cellular phones in the world and expected to be the second largest PC market in the world. China is become the second largest telecommunication market by the end the 2003. 1.2) Economic environment — special economic zones in China China now is the biggest consumer market in the world, China have thirteen Special economic zones (SEZ), especially designed for the foreign and private owned investors. The first in Shenzhen in the province of Guangdong in 1979, since then, three further SEZS have been established in south China: Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong, at Xiameng in province of Fujian. After 1984, China making the condition more comfortable for the foreign investment, and in 1998, Hainan Island acquired SEZ status at the same time as being promoted to being autonomous province. The SEZ are able to accept foreign investment in virtually any area of economic activity of interest to China, including all the service and production area. Since 1990, foreigners are now to engage in land development, and to install electric power and telephone service to operate utilities in one of the designated investments zones. All the technologies investments are reduced of taxation. The all of 13 SEZ zones include Dalian, Fujian, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Hainan, Ningbo, Qingdao, Shanghai, Shantou, Tianjing, Xiamei, Zhandjiagang, and Shenzhen. Preferential administrative producedures and tax incentives would be available for the foreign investors with in economic zones. 1.3) China mobile market information Before we justified Motorola's marketing communications plan, we need look at what kind of market do we stay in at? What is in here? As this assignment's topic is Motorola PLC (China), So we need look at what is China mobile market current situation. As by report, China mobile communication market is developing rapidly. The number of mobile phone subscribers in China increased from 6.85 million in 1996 to 85.26 million in 2000. The year 2000 saw an additional increase of by 41.97 million, exceeding the number of new subscribers of fixed phone networks for the first time of history. From 1996 to the end of 2000, the average annual rate growth rate of mobile phone subscribes remained 95%. By the end of 2000, the population of the mobile phone hold reached 6.7%, it is estimated that the total number of mobile phone subscribers in China will reach 250 million in 2005. So that took 10 years to build a mobile user base of 10 million in China, the number of subscribers increased from 10 million to 100 million in less than four years. Wow, that is how cheerful news for the each company who want doing their business in Chinese market. 2) Organisation—Motorola (China) For the topic above that, I choose Motorola Company in China as my selected company. Motorola inc, the world's leading company in offering integrated communications and imbedded electronics solutions, was set up in 1928, beginning from marking rectifier and motor radio, Motorola grow up in 1940s and 1950s, gradually became a transactional company in 1960s from when it began to develop its overseas market. Now, Motorola has over 110,000 employees around the world. Its operations cover wireless communication, semiconductor, automobile electronic, broad brand, Internet and Internet access products. Motorola is the leader in mobile phone, paging, two-way radio, and commercial GSM and CDMA. In 2001, the company has scored a total sales volume of US $30 billion. Motorola Company established its branch in Beijing in 1987 and registered in Tianjin Motorola semi-conductor and car appliances. In 1992, Motorola has set up Motorola (China) electronics LTD. In Tianjin has begun to produce beep-pager, mobile phone, two-way radio, wireless communication facilities, semiconductor, automobile electronics etc. Motorola is the largest foreign investor in China. Over the past 15 years, company has invested 28.5 billion Yuan ($3.4 billion, about à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.7 billion). Motorola (China) has consisted of 1 owned factory, 1 holding company, 8 R&D facilities and 26 sales offices. Motorola china employs total revenue for 2002 reached 47 billion Yuan ($5.7 billion, about à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.85 billion), up to 16 % from when was ($3.6 billion, about à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.8 billion) one of the largest exports in China. Motorola entered China at a prime time when mobile communication novel idea and no one was selling. As a result, the company enjoy success in selling its pager as tens millions of Chinese wanted convenience and symbol of social status (this is Chinese momentum and a strong emphasis on design and marketing, Motorola hold the largest market share in China, about 28%, as its brand is with best in quality, features and form factor. In 2001, Motorola Company with a total sales volume of $4.9 billion in China entered into a 1.44 billion dollars network construction and expansion contract with suppliers like China telecom and Unicom. The company has a staff about 15,000 in China. Motorola is the number one provider of micro controller products, which more than 18 percent of the global market. Motorola Company has been first in its market share in China in three consecutive years. According to the 500 strongest foreign-invested companies in China, in place of Shanghai Volkswagen, which it has kept title in nine years. Over the years, Motorola has developed a unique strategy for the emphasizing technology transfer, continuing investment and association cultures. The company has invested all its profits from china back gradually localized its China operations (nearly all Motorola China company's Chinese, 75% of managers). At present, Motorola with eight co-invested companies in China is actively implementing various co-operation projects in the fields of new and hi-tech technology research and developments with famous universities, scientific research institutions and enterprise in China. Motorola is a major supplier of mobile communication equipment which including mobile switches, base stations and handsets for GSM and company is one of the few companies that can offer complete CDM (infrastructure and handsets). Until now, Motorola (China) has made up to 64 million (RMB) donations to China hope project, tertiary education, flood salvation and western development. The company has launched brand all of the China, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Zhejiang, Hunan, Tianjing, Suzhou, Hainan, etc. Anywhere have mobile user there is a Motorola. 3) Motorola China mission statement Vision – To be the standard against which others are measured Mission – To make aspiration quality accessible to all Values – Quality value, service, innovation and trust Motorola is China to stay and grow. Motorola has to date invested US $34.5 billion in china and employs 13,000 people on the Chinese mainland. It is the big foreign investor industry and it is one of the biggest American investors in the Chinese market. Motorola's relationship with Chinese government officials is continuing. Incapacity neighbour Beijing, manufacturing pagers, mobile phones, semiconductors and other wireless communications equipment. In April 1998, it moved its north Asian office from Hong Kong to Beijing. Comparing to other foreign competitors, Motorola have a long-term vision in the Chinese market. Motorola entered China in 1987 and registered in 1992 a company in Tianjin, a mu For us to fully understand the recent success of a greatest China â€Å"institution†, and how they can build upon its success, we must first examine the infrastructure of the company itself. 4) Model for Integrated Marketing Communication Integrated Marketing Communication is more than the coordination of a company's outgoing message between different media and the consistency of the message throughout. It is an aggressive marketing plan that captures and uses an extensive amount of customer information in setting and tracking marketing strategy. Steps in an Integrated Marketing system are: 1.Customer Database an essential element to implementing Integrated Marketing that helps to segment and analyse customer-buying habits. 2.Strategies Insight from analysis of customer data is used to shape marketing, sales, and communications strategies. 3.Tactics Once the basic strategy is determined the appropriate marketing tactics can be specified which best targets the specific markets. 4.Evaluate Results Customer responses and new information about buying habits are collected and analysed to determine the effectiveness of the strategy and tactics. 5.Complete the loop. 5) Customer target of Motorola China As the Motorola has wide range of mobile products, the vary of products designed as different of user group. For the Motorola (China), I selected four diverse of target marketing groups that are: fashion user; heavy user, social life lover user and high technology user. * Fashion user Most of young generation and between age 20-40, who loves to carry the new design and functional mobile phones, and change their mobile phone frequently. They more care about their appearance of mobile phones such as size, colour and diversified functions. The advertisement for this group should trend these side of behaviour. However, the product targeting of these group are only a short life cycle, the company should to contours move forward their product design, to lead the mobile market fashion. * Heavy user Normally they are successful businessman and woman, professionals and private company owner, are aged which above 30 years old, with a higher incomer. The people in this group as show in mobile as their necessary tools for their business or jobs, not kind of fashion staff. They always are early holders of mobiles phones, for them, it is good to stick with one brand, not always change, because they don't seems to have a time to use new manure. Therefore, for this group need have much high quality of the product and faultless customer service, also this group is much loyal in certain brands compare with other group, so it is very important to reach this group's customer. * Social life lover user This group might not that rich, but they are very active, enjoys pup, restaurant, nightclub all those kind of staff. They like to make friends and more care about their families. A mobile phone is the best tools for them to communicate with other and keeping in touch. They may not enjoy getting a very attractive appearance or very complicate functional mobile phones; the people in this group are much sensitive to the price of the phone than other groups, because they normally do not have very higher income and only got average salary. They normally are patient to wait about sales promotions in order to get good price with good deals. For this target of view, the profit margin of mobile phones targeting for this group are focused on lower price. However, with the increasing number of the mobile phones holder, this group's people are quickly growth and make more contribution to the growth of the market size. So, we cannot disregard the exist of this group. * Technology user This group's customer are normally male, high educated, the age of them are between 25-50. They are very interested to try advanced technology, and always seek new mobile phones with innovative technology and wide functions. Customers in this group are more likely try some new accessories connecting to the mobile phones and other personal digital equipment, such as ‘Is this mobile phone are good to connect to the laptop or Internet or is this mobile phone have a good camera'? 6) Promotion methods – Cross promotion Sometimes the cross-promotions that happen between different industries work so well. One company actually buys the expertise of the other and opens an outlet incorporating both. Benetton and Motorola rolled out an elegant line of pagers as â€Å"fashion accessories.† The cross-promotional partners' vision is to make the humble pager a fashion statement, with customers wearing matching clothing and pagers on their belts. Motorola persuaded Benetton to license its name and provide â€Å"creative consultation† to Motorola's paging division, which manufactures the new devices. Motorola Pagers, in colours ranging from â€Å"raspberry purple† to â€Å"buttermilk† will be advertised on Benetton models will have the United Colours of Benetton slogan stamped on them, which both gives Motorola and Benetton an advertisement, is called moving advertisement in the China. 6.1) Master card international and Motorola alliance MasterCard International and Motorola companies announced that each would commit resources in a joint effort to make m-commerce a reality for consumers worldwide. Motorola and MasterCard will collaborate on continuing research and development projects to assure interoperability between MasterCard's electronic payment systems and Motorola's wireless Internet devices and platforms. The two companies plan to develop next-generation m-commerce technologies that support the initiatives of the newly formed Global Mobile Commerce Interoperability Group (GMCIG), of which both companies are key members. The alliance also includes cooperation on a number of key initiatives to promote the benefits of m-commerce to consumers through joint marketing activities. The companies also plan to work together to adapt existing, intelligent payment systems for the mobile environment. These systems include MasterCard M/Chip(tm), its chip-based integrated credit/debit system, and Mondex(tm), MasterCard's chip-based electronic cash payment system. Motorola's alliance with MasterCard will enable Motorola to work closely with MasterCard's 22,000 member financial institutions. As a result, Motorola expects to realize continued improvements in the capabilities and functionality of its existing wireless Internet devices and platforms. Both companies also will benefit from the respective experience, leadership and brand recognition of the other – Motorola with its reputation as a global communications leader and pioneer of the wireless Internet, and MasterCard as the most widely-accepted electronic payment brand in the world and a catalyst for the development of m-commerce solutions. 7) List of stakeholders— Motorola China Manufactory & Products: Motorola have a range of products, which include pages, mobile phones, Internet and Internet access products. The integrated electronic system sector, we called them ‘IESS' in Motorola, formally as known as ACCES (automotive, computer and communication components and energy sector), consists as two parts: the energy system group (ESG) and the automotive and industrial electronics group (AIEG). ESG Tannin factory has several SMT assembly lines, with high-precision mounting capability and speed, the factory is capable of producing a wide range of PCB electronics products, to meet the requirements of customers. ESG Tianjin now produces nearly 100 types of batteries of various series for Motorola's company, V series, time port, talk about, two-way radio products and other electronic devices. The Motorola (China) factory is played an important role of Motorola's development strategy. Suppliers: Motorola have about 700 direct supplier or indirect supplier of Motorola China for total 13,000 employees. Distributors: These are the sources for companies to deliver their products throughout the market. The primary distributors are the state funded networks and the larger distributor networks throughout the China. A key government network, sponsored by china mobile, is a key network as it sells and distributes other brands. Another strong channels is companies like Cellstar and bright point which are the world's leading global providers of innovative, value – enhancing logistics services to the wireless communications industry. Another channel outlet is the smaller private exclusive distributorship agreements, which Motorola does not depend heavily on. These partner combinations are important for companies who depend on them to get their products to the ever-expanding market regions. Subscribers: By the year 2003, the Motorola mobile phone subscribes in China will reached 75 million, and the number will go up to 200 million by the year of 2004, but most of the market share will be taken by Motorola. The figure 2 is show in the growth of subscribers. Source: Temple University Customers: as I mentioned above, Motorola (China) separately with different customer user group, every group have their characteristics, we need try to carry out diverse of product design, plan and strategy for those various user group. Employees: Motorola has over 110,000 employees around the world, which Motorola (China) has about 13,000 employees, by the end of last year, Motorola (China) has about 700 managerial staff are Chinese, including about 200 female, which accounts 26% of total number. Government: China government structure plays an interesting role in the assumption that foreign companies will maintain dominance. Retailers: the retail distribution for the mobile phone is severely fragmented, but consolidating with industry growth and expansion. As mentioned previously, because of its dominant position, china mobile serves as a major distributor for mobile phone technology producers. Major department stores and retail outlets provide another key outlets for distribution. There is no one way to get products to consumers, as no one company has access to all of the markets in the nation, so providers must develop relationships with many types of outlets to gain market advantage. This is changing as the larger outlets and suppliers are buying up smaller retailers to consolidate their retail capabilities. 8) Marketing goals For the Motorola marketing goals, I think one of the most significant developments in business in recent years has been rapid growth of international activities. Exporting, foreign direct investment and sourcing of products and components abroad have expanded dramatically. Many firms enter new international markets make their company more competitively and new product growing more quickly. The market entry relates to the easy or difficultly with which a firm can become a member of a group of competing firms by producing a close substitute for the products they are offering. The firms must develop a range of products, assets, marketing strategy and management activities for the new market entered. Motorola will emphasis on facilities to make wireless telecom equipment, mobile phone handsets and semiconductors, it already told the largest investor in China electronics industry. Motorola will carries out a win -win development strategy from beginning and bring idea of taking China as its home and development base, to win the Chinese government and people's heart. Example as: with development over 15 years, Motorola has made a big success in China and been turned into a famous brand. In 2000, Motorola (China) is the leading company of 1,000 high-tech companies by china high-tech enterprise evaluation centre. In 2001, Motorola (China) was the biggest foreign import-export company in China. 8.1) Corporate goals In an effort to retake global market share, Motorola is relying on its long-standing local investments, self-expressive branding campaign, and redesigned products platforms to dominate critical emerging markets. Motorola company would continue to invest all of the proceeds of the company the company made from China in expanding production and China's accession into the world trade organization (WTO) and will sell a half of the company's products on the international market. 9) Case at Motorola pull strategy Motorola will purchase US $10.5 billion of components from the Chinese market and will export more than US $12 billion worth of commodities at 2004. Motorola will be using Japan's most popular 3D graphics technologies in its new mobile phones in an effort to claw back sales from market leader Nokia and rising star Samsung. 3D graphics are expected to be a standard feature on mobile phone handsets, especially. Just as with PCs, mobile devices will soon have separate processors for handling graphics because this eases the main processor's workload and allows more complex and better looking applications to be executed. The 3D games will pull some mobile phone users to upgrade. 9.1)) Motorola push strategy Motorola setting up a new application development centre to promote wireless data services among Chinese networks. The company plans to help local telecommunications operators link up with application developers to offer quality control, engineering and logistics support as well as sales and marketing help. Mobile phone companies worldwide are moving to set up data-oriented 3G networks to boost capacity, improve coverage areas, and offer services such as 2.4-megabit-per-second wireless broadband. The data-oriented services are also expected to help make up for plunging revenue from voice calls. 10) Example of marketing communication mix — Motorola Motorola, the world's second largest wireless phone market, held its 2003 product launch in Shanghai, China, with a line up of handsets clearly meant to appeal to buyers not just on functionality but also stylish. As Motorola has historically been perceived as engineering – driven company and its products have reflected that heritage. While that approach has yield some of the market's hall of frame products – such as the 1996 introducing of the star TAC – today's mobile handset market is increasingly focusing on the youth market, where designs that reflected their style s and ‘personal expression' are key. Motorola's product launch event in China was more that just an opportunity to release its new handsets. It was also a showcase meant to highli9ghtr the company's new mindset and marketing strategy that should help it build market share. The Motorola campaign and the 2003 product line seek to embrace that trend. The 2003 line showed off many evolutionary products, including phones with advanced colour displays, a new 3G phones, and a new technology called ‘haptics' that envelops the user in what is best described as a ‘vibration field' that differs depending on the caller. The new handsets also have a strong focus on picture messaging, with many models offering built-in cameras. The company is also keeping cost and manufacturing efficiencies in perspective. Motorola is increasingly adopting the practice of reusing the same chipset and wrapping different hardware and software ‘skin' around them to offer a different looking g product- build on products and sell it in four different ways, there by appealing to a wider range of audiences. Well, today, handsets are not only tools, there are fashion statements, and something can show with personal styles. Motorola now is appealing to there sense of style, in addition to offering advanced phone features. During that lunch, one thing is clear: this is a company that knows that brand equity and defining the brand are important factors. The 200 analysts and media who attend lunch events – every advertising surface between the airport and the hotel were covered with their ‘hello Motorola ‘ ad campaign. The product rollout was treated like a movie premier – something Motorola would never have done few years ago – featuring Motomodels, Motococktails and have course Motophones. The event clearly showed how management has completely retooled and refocused its product strategy for the better. 11) Motorola's strategy plan As Motorola kept their intimated relationship with Chinese government from the beginning of the time when they entered Chinese market, so Chinese government always is the strongest support for the Motorola (China). > The major investment focus will still be around north China's Tianjin area where it launched it production base in 1980s. It will put over two billion Yuan (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½151 million) on Tianjin based Motorola (China) electronic company with in next five years. > The strategy of Motorola is not to seeking quick money returns, but also has a long-term commitment to the China market. The Motorola (China) will adhere to a principle of introducing the latest technology to Chinese market and continues operate with smooth co-operation with domestic partners in the market. The famous 2+3+3 strategy for the Motorola of Chinese operation, this strategy which include building China into a worldwide manufacturing and R&D base for the telecommunications equipment giant. It includes three new growth areas including semiconductors, broadband and digital trucking systems and three $10 billions goals through 2006. > Local sourcing is an important development rule for Motorola in China. Motorola hope takes part of China economic construction by enforcing this rule and strengthening its co-operation with Chinese enterprise. > Motorola will choosing local company supplier, helping them improving their management, enhancing efficiency and promoting quality regulation system, or even will bring them into contract with foreign regulation system. Example as: in year 2001, Motorola had a RMB13.3 billion purchase from Chinese enterprise, including RMB 3.3 billion by overseas branches of Motorola, the amount which is much high than other foreign companies in China. > For the long-standing Chinese culture and specially background (Chinese government are controlled by the communist party), so that Motorola will choose their management team locally. Example: Motorola offering a huge range of training program for their Chinese employee, by the end of 2001, Motorola has a 767 managerial employees are Chinese, which is account of 26% of the total management number. 12) Localization Knowing that consumer preference in the Chinese market is quite different from that in the US or UK market, Motorola started to localize its product development after the initial poor performance of pure ‘global' strategy. Now Motorola adapts its models to meet the specific demand form local markets rather than simply throw the current products into the market without any adjustment. The R&D centre in China successfully developed software to show the menu in Chinese and input Chinese characters. In 1999, a combination PDA/phone, which was designed by Chinese engineers, was launched in China and spread to the us and European countries. Motorola localization strategy also includes local souring. The company takes initiative in establishing relationships with local suppliers. 7 years ago, 65% of components were imported, while 69% of components are purchased locally now. Local souring brings Motorola three major benefits: lowering manufacturing cost, reducing risks from currency fluctuation, and catering to Chinese government's requirements. 13) Advertising and promotions targeted to market groups According to my analysis above, Motorola has four target customer groups, and there are four sub-brands to respectively target the 4 market segments: time port to heavy user, accompli to technology user, V. to fashion user, and talk about to social-life lovers. Different advertisings and promotions are implemented to target these 4 specific categories, which are show in below: Figure 2. Advertising and promotions targeted to market groups

Black History essays

Black History essays In American history periodic acts of violent resistance by black slaves during more than two centuries of chattel slavery signifying continual deep-rooted discontent with the condition of bondage and resulting in ever more stringent mechanisms for social control and repression in slaveholding areas. This historic decision was to stimulate a mass movement on the blacks and white sympathizers to try to end the segregationist practices and racial inequalities that were firmly entrenched across the nation and particularly in the south. American abolitionists realized the failure of gradualism and persuasion, and they subsequently turned to a more militant policy demanding immediate abolition by law. The best known abolitionist was the aggressive agitator William Lloyd Garrison founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society. The Abolition Movement in western Europe and the Americans, was the movement chiefly responsible for creating the emotional climate necessary for ending the transatlantic slave trade and chattel slavery (Berlin, 90). The Middle Passage supplied the New World with its major work force and brought enormous profits to international slave traders. At the same time, it exacted a terrible price in physical and emotional anguish on the part of the up rooted Africans, it was distinguished by the callousness to human sufferings it developed among the traders Portugal, and France(Marble, 125). The Middles Passage male slaves were kept constantly shacked to each other or to the deck to prevent mutiny of which 55 recorded between 1699 and 1845.Deaths during the Middle Passage caused by epidemics, suicide, fixed melancholy, and mutiny, have been estimated at 13 percent. So many bodies of deed or dying Africans were jesttisoned into the ocean that sharks regularly followed the slave ships on their westward journey(Marble, 128-130). The Underground Railroad in the United States, was a system exis...

20 Clipped Forms and Their Place (If Any) in Formal Writing

20 Clipped Forms and Their Place (If Any) in Formal Writing 20 Clipped Forms and Their Place (If Any) in Formal Writing 20 Clipped Forms and Their Place (If Any) in Formal Writing By Mark Nichol Clipped forms, shortened abbreviations of words, have a checkered history. Some are acceptable in formal writing, and others aren’t. When writing in academic contexts, in business writing, or another formal environment, take note of the status of these common clipped forms: 1. Ad: In formal writing, the full form, advertisement, is usually employed. 2. Bra: This clipped form of brassiere, from the French word for â€Å"bodice† (its euphemistic meaning: â€Å"arm protector†), has supplanted the longer form in all but the most stiffly formal writing. 3. Burger: If ever a reference to this fast food staple makes its way into formal writing, the short form of hamburger is just as likely to appear as the long form. 4. Bus: Omnibus (Latin for â€Å"all†), a word for a horse-drawn public-transportation conveyance, gave the right of way to its short form around the time such vehicles became motorized. 5. Copter: The full form, helicopter, is best for formal writing. 6. Deli: Though this word has been in use for at least a half century, delicatessen, from the German word for â€Å"delicacies,† is best for formal usage. 7. Exam: Examination was clipped back in the late 1800s and has long since been used even in formal writing. 8. Flu: The short form of influenza (Italian for â€Å"influence,† from the medieval supposition that illness was the result of celestial perturbations) is several hundred years old and has long been acceptable even in formal medical texts. 9. Fridge: This term, unusual not only in that the full form, refrigerator, has been clipped at both ends but also in that the spelling has been altered to reflect the pronunciation, is suitable for informal writing only. 10. Gas: Gasoline is much more likely to appear in formal writing than its clipped form. 11. Gator: This clipped form of alligator, in spite of its nearly 200-year-old tenure in the English language, is considered slang. 12. Gym: Most formal references to a school building for athletic activities will use the full form, gymnasium, which many patrons might be amused to learn stems from the Greek word for â€Å"naked,† because athletes in ancient Greece trained and competed nude. Because Greek gymnasiums were centers of intellectual education as well, the full term is often used in Europe to refer to what might in the United States be called a preparatory school (which, by the way, has its own clipped form: â€Å"prep school†). 13. Memo: So pervasive is this clipped form of memorandum that many people may not even know its origins. (The full word ultimately derives from the Latin for â€Å"memory.†) 14. Movie: Even more taken for granted than memo is this diminutive form of â€Å"moving picture,† which, if you step back from it, may appear silly looking and juvenile. Formal writing often refers to the medium as film or cinema, but movie is also acceptable. 15. Phone: The original term, telephone, is still often used in formal writing, but the clipped form is just as likely to be used. 16. Plane: Plane has become as acceptable as airplane in formal writing. 17. Pro: Professional, the full form, is the preferred usage in formal contexts. 18. Quake: This clipped form of earthquake is, despite long usage, still considered informal. 19. Tie: The full form, necktie, is all but obsolete. (Perhaps the clothing accessory will be, too, before long.) 20. Typo: This slang for â€Å"typographical error† is over a century old but is still considered substandard usage. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Masters Degree or Master's Degree?Social vs. Societalâ€Å"Least,† â€Å"Less,† â€Å"More,† and â€Å"Most†

Night Essay essays

Night Essay essays Night, Elie weisels harrowing first-person account of the Holocaust demonstrates the murder of his family and his own survival in the hell of Auschwitz and Buchenwald. His account reaches a person at the most elemental level and shows them light and also unforgettable darkness. At the concentration camp, Jews were made to live in inhuman conditions, where there was a lot to endure but less to eat. All prisoners were the victims of the same fate and were made to endure the same mental and physical agony. Night is taught as part of the grade 10 curriculum. Hence, in my opinion, Night should continued to be taught as part of the Grade 10 curriculum because it gives students the historical image of the Nazis brutality in exterminating the Jews in Germany in 1940s, and the importance of love and faith in such inhuman conditions. Firstly, Night is a historical novel and gives a clear image of Nazis brutality in exterminating the Jews. It tells the students about the hatred Germans and particularly Hitler had for Jews. Jews were depopulated by the anger of Hitler, their homes and properties were taken and they were deported from their country. Night gives a vivid image of how the Jews were killed. For example, Jews were imprisoned by the Germans and they were sent to concentration camps, where their lives were extremely difficult and sometimes lead to death. The novel also teaches how inhumane Nazis were to the Jews. For instance, Elie, the author and the main character of the novel says: Humanity? Humanity is not concerned with us. Today anything is allowed. Anything is possible, even these crematories... (p.31). It is even hard to imagine how prisoners were disrobed and distressed. Most of the prisoners died of starvation and were exposed into mass ...

Movement and singing Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Movement and singing - Research Proposal Example Alexander studied himself in mirrors while he was saying his lines. He realized that his habitual way of holding himself would be very hard to overcome, but knew he had to gain conscious control over his posture and attitude in order to produce the best sound. So he developed a method to re-teach his body how to act. Performers often don’t even realize they’re tense until they’re reminded to relax. Tightness in the singer can distort sound and cause the sound to be less resonant (Alexander). The Alexander Method teaches students how all the muscle groups work together. The teacher guides students through a series of gentle exercises, and sometimes touches them a little to guide them into new ways of using their muscles. The muscle corrections are subtle, and an Alexander Technique teacher directs the student with small movements and verbal instructions. Performers think that â€Å"standing up straight† will give them the best posture for singing, but the act of standing straight can put extra tension on the neck, back, and legs, actually reducing the breath and resonance. Consciously making the body do anything introduces tension. The Alexander technique relaxes the posture, reducing underlying tension (Moore). The â€Å"whispered ah† is a way of making Alexander technique students aware of how the breath enters and leaves the body. By perfecting the â€Å"whispered ah,† singers can relax their breathing into its more natural rhythms and engage the whole body in producing sound. The sound will be more pure and resonant because it comes out the whole person. The whispered â€Å"ah† may seem like a simple exercise, but perfecting it is extremely tricky. Breaking old patterns requires both concentration and letting go to let the process work. The important point with the Alexander technique is to relax and stop trying to control body movements and positions. Going into a natural pose when singing and releasing tension gives the voice its depth. Once

EVA Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

EVA Analysis - Research Paper Example However, as IBM has faced competition in the computer hardware subsectror of the IT sector, it has diversified into other areas and become a big product in these areas. IBM has become more active today in the software sector as well as the cloud computing sector. In fact the area where the firm is most successful is the software sub-sector. IBM now has four main divisions which include Financing, Hardware, Services, and Software (Lines & Ambler, 2012). Each of the four departments in IBM has different profitability and this means that if the investors were to value each individually rather than valuing the firm one whole, they would have different a value in total. Economic Value Added (EVA) is the method of determining the value of a firm through calculating its value produced after return of capital invested and the cost of operation (Grant, 2003). Because of this when investors value each individual division as opposed to averaging the profits of each division and calculating the value firm of collectively, they would at a different value of the firm. In this regard, if investors were to demarcate IBM and each division valued individually, each of the division would have a different value and if these values were to be added together, they would have a higher value than the value calculated in a combination. Rationale Every firm intends to get the best and highest valuation, just like they want to make the highest profits. This is why it is necessary for a firm to find the best way to improve its value. The value of an organization can also be theoretical. One theoretical method of a valuing a firm is the EVA method and has been used in several firms. Warren Buffet showed that investors value a firm differently if the firm has different divisions with different values. By separating the less valuable parts of the business from the more valuable parts of the firm, it is possible to help the investors in a different light (Grant, 2003). Eliminating the negativ e aspect of the firm By separating the firm into different units, the investors are able to see the firm in a better light because the negative aspects of the firm can be separated from the firm. Warren Buffet used this in Coca Cola and separated the less profitable division from the rest of the firm. This led to the investors to be willing to value the firm higher. As a result, separating the firm into units and carrying out an EVA evaluation is not just an accounting process but also a psychological process, which help in lifting away the negative aspects of the firm. In this regard, it is necessary for a firm like IBM to separate the less effective aspects of the firm to let the investors to see the better aspect of the firm. This approach is more useful to IBM than almost any other firm because of the history of the firm. As already discussed, IBM was the leader in hardware manufacturing, both for retail and corporate customers. However, as new players came into the market, it b ecame harder for the firm to deal with the competition, it has to diversify. In the modern day, IBM is no longer the giant it was in the hardware sector, but competitors such as HP and Dell have shrouded the firm. However, IBM is doing so well in its software division and it has become a leader in this new niche. However, it is very hard for investors to see this new opportunity unless and until IBM separates itself from the older IBM and to the new IBM. Until the

Strategic Analysis of Hon Hai Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic Analysis of Hon Hai - Case Study Example The study will also cover the merger and acquisition activities of the company along with the position of the company before and after the merger and acquisition activities. The report will also use key financial ratios to report on the financial performance of the company. While 'business strategy' represent the goal of the company to attain sustainable competitive advantage in one of the businesses of the company, 'corporate strategy' represents the objective of the company to manage multi-business activities to create corporate-wide advantage that will benefit each of the business the company owns and operates. The corporate strategy looks into the opportunities available to the company both internally and externally to enhance its competitive strengths and sustain its sales growth and profitability. A strategic analysis of any company thus includes assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the company on the basis of the internal environment as well as threats and opportunities that the company is subjected to because of its relative positioning in the market and the industry. The main objective of any strategic analysis is to identify the ways in which the existing resources can be shared between the multiple business activities and also identifyi ng new resources which will enhance the competitive strengths of the company. ... With this background this study intends to make a strategic analysis of the company Hon Hai (Foxconn) to report on the efforts of the company to enhance and sustain its competitive advantages. 1.1 Hon Hai (Foxconn) - An Overview Incorporated in the year 2004 the company is a group company of Foxconn Technology. Foxconn Group is the foremost provider of joint-design, joint-development, manufacturing, assembly and after-sales services to global Computer, Communication, and Consumer-electronics ("3C") leaders. Focusing on fields of nanotechnology, heat transfer, wireless connectivity, material sciences, and green manufacturing process, Foxconn's over 15,000 patents granted worldwide by 2005 made it a recognized leader of innovation and technical know-how in rankings such as MIT's patent scorecard. HonHai is mainly producing Hinge related products adopting an innovative technology. The production process is different from that of the traditional Hinge companies. By using the new technology the company has enhanced the production capacity to a great extent and has reduced the cost of production. The company has made a net operating income of $ 10.17 million representing 8 percent of the turnover, as of the end of the year 2006. The company is following a different production process than the competitors operating in the industry. The use of this modern technology has enhanced the production capacity of the capacity while lowering the cost of production. The company presently employs around 975 people. 1.2 Research Objectives The study will cover the following objectives among other things: (1) A detailed study of the advantages and disadvantages of merger and acquisition activities in general (2) A strategic analysis of the Company Hon Hai

Advantages of Database Management Systems over Traditional File Proces Essay

Advantages of Database Management Systems over Traditional File Processing Systems - Essay Example The file-based system also faces problems of security & integrity. The concept of database and the Database Management System (DMS) was introduced in order to overcome the limitations of the file-based approach. A database is a collection of interrelated data. The primary aim of the database is to provide a way to store and retrieve database information in a fast and efficient manner. (Seltzer, 2008) 5) Improved security: A database provides security to users in the form of username and passwords. Additional levels of security are also possible. It can identify the user type and accordingly provide them permission for retrieval, insertion, updating and deletion of data. (Jain, 2005) 6) Enforcement of standards: The integration of the database sets in place the standards for data formats, naming conventions, documentation standards, update procedures and access rules. Same standards for the data make it easier to access it & save a lot of time. 12) In a file-based system, each user defines his own constraints and sets his own rules for defining the data. Whereas in a database approach, a single repository of data is created which is accessed by multiple users. A database not only contains data but also contains the description of a database structure. This is also called ‘metadata’ ( data about data ). (Hoffer, 2007) 2) Higher impact of a failure as compared to a File-based System: The database approach increases the vulnerability of the system due to the centralization. As all users and applications rely on the database availability, the failure of any component can bring operations to a halt and affect the services to the customer seriously. (Thomas M. Connolly, 2004)  Ã‚  

Marketing communication 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing communication 2 - Essay Example The empowerment of the customers with respect to the availability of information was really understandable by the case of the departmental store of a friend of mine that was seriously affected because of the improper marketing communication. The departmental store of the friend was performing well within the periphery of the expectations in the couple of years since inception but soon it started to exhibit poor performance. The sales revenue was severely hit. External experts, those were employed by the store, investigated and observed that the failure of the firm even though it maintained quality goods and services, was primarily because of the lack of the marketing initiatives and rusty performance of the marketing department. The departmental store basically targeted the middle income groups and middle aged families especially those where both of the spouses were working. In order to meet the needs of the working customers, the departmental stores remained open for all round the clock, seven days a week. Also, the store provided facilities like home delivery of the purchased items free of charge at the convenient hours along with online purchasing. The store also aimed to grab the lower income strata of the society as it proposed and implemented various sales promotion methods. The goals and the objectives of the marketing communication plan would essentially be to reinstate the departmental store with its glory and pride in the city of its existence. Also, the marketing communication plan would essentially aim to make target customers aware about the various sales promotional offers and schemes and increase the footfalls and thereby to increase the revenue. The marketing communication plan should be such that it inculcates the various mechanisms of effective marketing communication. The decision to visit the store and purchase from the store should be depicted as that of high involvement as per FCB Grid Model and the schemes and

Advantages of Database Management Systems over Traditional File Proces Essay

Advantages of Database Management Systems over Traditional File Processing Systems - Essay Example The file-based system also faces problems of security & integrity. The concept of database and the Database Management System (DMS) was introduced in order to overcome the limitations of the file-based approach. A database is a collection of interrelated data. The primary aim of the database is to provide a way to store and retrieve database information in a fast and efficient manner. (Seltzer, 2008) 5) Improved security: A database provides security to users in the form of username and passwords. Additional levels of security are also possible. It can identify the user type and accordingly provide them permission for retrieval, insertion, updating and deletion of data. (Jain, 2005) 6) Enforcement of standards: The integration of the database sets in place the standards for data formats, naming conventions, documentation standards, update procedures and access rules. Same standards for the data make it easier to access it & save a lot of time. 12) In a file-based system, each user defines his own constraints and sets his own rules for defining the data. Whereas in a database approach, a single repository of data is created which is accessed by multiple users. A database not only contains data but also contains the description of a database structure. This is also called ‘metadata’ ( data about data ). (Hoffer, 2007) 2) Higher impact of a failure as compared to a File-based System: The database approach increases the vulnerability of the system due to the centralization. As all users and applications rely on the database availability, the failure of any component can bring operations to a halt and affect the services to the customer seriously. (Thomas M. Connolly, 2004)  Ã‚  

Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Case - Essay Example 5. The management of the company used the scientific management in their strategy. They looked at how the result of reducing the production would affect the growth of the company. In so doing they chose a method that could work and enable them make profits. 6. The quality control that the company used is that they satisfy their employees and motivate them enough. This ensured that they work well and produced quality goods. I believe that this is a good strategy as it ensured that they created quality goods for a long time. 7. The forces that are very important in the management of the company are the socio cultural forces and the technological forces. This is because they will keep the company in the upfront of the competition if they are looked at keenly. 10. The competitive strategy that the company has used is observing the competitors and coming up with a method that is a weakness for their competitions. The weakness of the competitors was also the strength of the company. 11. The key elements that the company observed was working with a target duration, having a measurable and attainable goals and having specific and results oriented objectives. These elements go a long way in ensuring that the company achieves all its goals and objectives. 12. One of the cultural variation issues that was once a problem for the company is the need of the manager to reward the workers in any instancing they do a good job. This is because it did not motivate them to work as hard. This is because they knew they could get a reward for putting just enough effort in the work that they did. 13. The company was wise to choose the acquisition strategy over the Greenfield. This is because with the acquisition strategy they have assurance that they will use their own strength to grow their company. 14. The company did not embrace the technology world and they thus cannot be able to have wider coverage. The company will also experience the problem of the wrong

Case Toyota Prius Essay Example for Free

Case Toyota Prius Essay 2. Outline the major macroenvironmental factors – demographic, economic, natural, technological, political, and cultural – that have affected the introduction and sales of the Toyota Prius. How has Toyota dealt with each of these factors ? Demographic: The Toyota Prius can buy these consumers who can afford to buy expensive but save, comfortable and „green† car. Economic: The business has economic relation with the government, capital market, household sector and global sector. These sectors together influence the trends and structure of the economy. The price of the car is higher than Toyota Echo about 4000 euros. However, getting twice as many kilos per litre of petrol will help to reduce the price differential. It means that petrol is economic and owner of Prius will save on fuel. Natural: The growing desire to protect the environment is having an impact on many industries, in our case, the transportation industry. The Toyota company made right step to produce their first hybrid car. People are focused on environmental problems. Technological: Hoping that people are concerned about the environment, and trying to grab a technological advantage over the car manufacturers, the company decided in 2000 to introduce Toyota Prius, their first hybrid car. The company expected that the first buyers of hybrid car like to buy and test something new and they were right. Many Toyota Prius owners are fascinated by the technology, they flood internet with discussion of the car. Political: In order to attract more customers, car manufacturers have asked government for tax incentives to stimulate purchase of clean-fuel and high-mileage cars. Several governments, like US or UK, offered some solutions. 4. In your opinion, what are the advantages of Toyota’s early entry into the hybrid market? What are the disadvantages? Have Toyota jumped to early into an expensive technology that has had its day? The manufacturers of Toyota Prius risked by producing the hybrid car. However they hadn’t competitors in this market at the beginning, as it was quite new phenomenon in the world. Another advantage was clever marketing, which increased sales of Toyota Prius. The company used the internet source to distribute information and educate consumers about the Toyota Prius. Also sent e-brochures to 40,000 buyers before the introduction. I think, Toyota jumped on time into an expensive technology that has had its day. Nowadays, economic crisis maybe influence on the sales of Toyota Prius. However, in 2000, when company introduced the car, it was right step to do it. 1. What microenvironment factors affect the introduction and sales of the Toyota Prius? How well has Toyota dealt with these factors? Customers: The customers want to save money on their cost of cars, so the cost of gas is the main problem. Toyota captures this situation and promote Prius to the market. This kind of car can save consumption of gas. It can suit for customer’s need. Publics: The government wants to advocate the concept of environmental protection. So government regulations is the part of problem to influence Toyota company’s mind. And Toyota use this advantage to promote their hybrid car, the environmental protection is their main selling mind. Competitors: In hybrids car area, the Honda company is the mental competitor for Toyota. They invest a lot of money to promote the Prius via any kinds of media method. Following this, they also focus on reduce the cost of raw material. 3. Evaluate Toyota’s marketing strategy so far. What has Toyota done well? How might it improve its strategy? First of all, the Toyota focus on the change of customers and according to direction of government.. For their customers, they provide comprehensive services for them, for instant, they put some technology and digital equipment in the car, and according to customers need, they also provide internet service. Customers can following their want to pick a colour and decide whether they want a CD player etc. On the other hand, they always concentrate the promotion, for example, they spent 15million Europe dollars on promoting the Prius, and through different kinds of method to promote. At last, Toyota keep their awareness of selling concept to attract more customers, and these awareness very adapt to customers thinking.

Beliefs of filipino women: Traditional feminine gender

Beliefs of filipino women: Traditional feminine gender A 2 (US women vs. Filipino women) X 2 (daughters vs. mothers) ANOVA matched group design with the OKelly Women Beliefs Scale (2010) scores as the dependent variable was conducted to study irrational beliefs about traditional feminine gender schema from a Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) perspective (Ellis, 1956) in a sample of Filipino women living in the US. Results indicated significant main effect for cross-cultural differences among the two racial groups, but no significant main effect was found for generational differences among the groups. A Post-hoc Least Significant Difference (LSD) performed on the four subscale scores of the OWBS also showed significant differences in Demand with Filipino women scoring higher than their US counterparts, and scores of both groups in Awfulizing, Negative Self-talk/Rating, and Low Frustration Tolerance (LFT) were not significantly different. Keywords: Filipino women, irrational beliefs, gender schema, Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, OKelly Women Beliefs Scale Irrational Beliefs about Traditional Feminine Gender Schema of Filipino Women Living in the United States This study evaluates the cross-cultural and intergenerational differences among Filipino women and US women living in the United States in regard to their beliefs about the traditional feminine sex role using the OKelly Women Beliefs Scale (2010). Several factors of acculturation greatly affect the international migration, economic globalization, and political conflicts that arise in the creation of multicultural societies (Enrile Agbayani, 2007), that studies regarding this matter are essential in understanding it in a deeper sense. There is a great quantity of literature regarding feminine topics written within the conceptual scheme of the Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy or REBT (Wolfe, 1985; Wolfe Naimark, 1991). The founding practitioner of REBT, Albert Ellis, developed this form of psychotherapy to assist his clients in the reconstruction of how they perceive their distress by asserting the importance of taking it on with a more philosophical outlook. When Ellis changed Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) to its present name of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), he acknowledged the possible odds in using the term rational as ideas concerning it may vary across cultures (Ellis, 1999). Ellis always emphasized the importance of taking his clients cultural background into consideration when analyzing their viewpoint and attitude towards life. It has been considered that the development of the Womens Belief Scale coincide with the criteria described by Locksley and Colten (1979), who highlight that the use o f a term within a questionnaire involves self-evaluations and supposes comparisons of itself that were not present like in Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974) in the developmental process of the items; this allows a significant effect of measurements on the representation of the feminine gender that provides a distinct point of view of what behaviors are appropriate for females. The view of womans proper place being in the home fulfilling their domesticity, motherhood and pleasing their husbands, isolated from the public world of men did not always dominate the Western culture (OKelly, 1980). It was not until the rise of capitalism when independent businessmen could afford to support their dependent wives and children kept within the confines of a private home, that this view of womens roles started to greatly influence the modern Western culture (OKelly, 1980). By the eighteenth century, these roles sporadically spread to the less affluent classes and eventually became the Western ideal for women (OKelly, 1980). In the recent years, with the help of the feminist movement, dramatic changes in the Western social roles expected from women are continuously taking place. Feminists insist that those customary views of womens roles immensely limit and restrain them from taking their places as full adults in the society (OKelly, 1980). However, less developed countries continue to have strict views on the roles of the women in their society and they intend to maintain their cultural beliefs regarding this matter. There are hardly any studies done to examine the influence and effects of these societal roles placed on women from less developed countries, like the Philippines, in their response to acculturation and attitude towards life. The OKelly Womens Belief Scale was developed within the scheme of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy or REBT, reflecting the process of beliefs about Demand, Awfulizing, Global Rating, Low Frustration Tolerance (LFT) and Negative Self Rating. To develop this scale, 2,562 questionnaires were sent to women that worked in great companies. With the data obtained of 974 questionnaires, the OKelly subscales were developed: Demand, Awful, Low Frustration Tolerance (LFT) and Rating, which are irrational nuclear conclusions or beliefs previously mentioned. Each of these scales has internal consistency. The test-retest reliability and validity have been established by the results of a sample that consisted of 285 women, wherein 37 also completed The OKelly Womens Belief Scale a month later. In the measurement of the irrational thought from an REBT perspective, previous studies (Lega Ellis, 2001; Kumar, Lega, Bladiwalla, 2007) indicate cross cultural and generational differences in the samples of USA, Latin America, Europe and India. Filipino Americans are one of the fastest growing minority groups in the United States as they are the second largest Asian American ethnic group, and the second largest number of immigrants to the United States (Ong Loksze, 2003). Recent studies suggest that acculturation, changes in attitude or values that result from the contact of one culture with another (Berry, 1997), may have something to do with attitudes towards women (Enrile Agbayani, 2007). According to Berry (1997), there are four acculturation strategies: separation, marginalization, integration, and assimilation. Separation refers to favoring ones original culture and refraining from interacting with the host culture, whereas marginalization is when one does not actively maintain either his own original culture or the host culture (Choi Thomas, 2007). On the other hand, integration refers to favoring ones own culture while at the same time interacting with the host culture, and assimilation is when one abandons his o riginal culture in favor of the host culture (Choi Thomas, 2007). The international relationship between United States and the Philippines has a rich and unique history that has made the Filipinos very well familiar to the American culture that even allowed them to easily adopt the English language, educational institutions, democratic belief system, and faith in the American Dream (Enrile Agbayani, 2007). Most Filipino immigrants arrive in the United States with a vast knowledge about the local culture and the English language (Enrile Agbayani, 2007). Filipino women living in the US, mostly as immigrants, try to adapt to their host countrys cultural values while striving to preserve their own at the same time. Like other individuals from impoverished nations, especially those who have spent most of their lives in their native countries, Filipinos are also well aware of how difficult it can be to live in a country of limited opportunities like the Philippines. However, like other immigrant groups, they also praise the United States as a land of s ignificant economic opportunity but simultaneously denounce it as a country inhabited by corrupt and individualistic people of questionable morals (Espiritu, 2001). Parents of first generation Filipino children enforce high expectations especially on their daughters. Espiritus interviews suggest that there is an idealized notion of womanhood based on traditional Filipino values and beliefs (Espiritu, 2001). This idealized notion of womanhood is for a woman to think of her family (collective vs. individual values), to gain good education (in order to help better the family), remain chaste, dutiful, and obedient (Agbayani-Siewert, 1994). Older children, girls in particular, are expected to care for their younger siblings and perform household duties even at an early age (Enrile Agbayani, 2007). Past studies suggest that while the older female is given more responsibilities, privileges are made easily accessible usually to males in the family. Most Filipino women, who participated in past studies, also reported that their parents treated them more strictly while growing up as compared to their brothers (Enrile Agbayani, 2007). As they grow older, Filipino women are expected to display characteristics of a Maria Clara, or the proper, marriage-minded, Filipino Catholic woman with good morals (West, 1992). This stereotyped representation of an ideal Filipino woman continues to exist in the present time. Filipino women were taught and encouraged to be publicly submissive so that it will appear that men are the ones in control (Cimmarusti, 1996). Almirol (1982), a researcher who performed a qualitative study on Filipino American farm laborers from Salinas, California, found that a higher value was placed on males over females and that women were discouraged to display power in public. Scholars have shown that the Maria Clara stereotype is not only used by certain Filipino feminist nationalist, but also by first generation Filipino immigrants (Ignacio, 2000). Prior researchers show that despite the high cultural expectations enforced on Filipino children by their parents, they appear to have easily assimilated into the American society as the Filipino population in the US has a high rate of college graduates, and most of these graduates are immigrants from the Philippines (Enrile Agbayani, 2007). Different perspectives suggest the existence of change and differences in attitudes and interests from one generation to the other, as well as in the cross-cultural factor. This study was conducted in the USA wherein Filipino daughters and mothers, and their counterparts used The OKelly Women Beliefs Scale examine the differences in gender roles and the ethno-cultural scheme. Method Participants Two matched groups according to age of daughters (from 17-25 yrs. of age) vs. their mothers (45 75 yrs. of age) and culture of origin (70 Filipino vs. 70 USA) living in the USA participated in the study. Instrument The OKelly Women Beliefs Scale (OKelly, 2010) was used. The scale consists of 92 items in which the participant indicated the degree of agreement or disagreement using a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). This is divided into four subscales: Demand, Awfulizing, Low Frustration Tolerance and Negative Self Rating. Procedure The participants completed the questionnaires individually and anonymously. It took approximately 45 minutes to complete. Participants were also advised to refrain from answering the questionnaire with their mother/daughter. Results A 2-way ANOVA (culture and generation) with total OWBS scores as the dependent variable showed a significant main effect for Culture, F(1, 140) = 37.681, p .05) Posthoc (LSD) comparisons between Filipino and US women for all four subscale scores of the OWBS showed significant differences, with Filipino women scoring higher than US women in Demand: F(1, 140) = 5.265, p .05). No significant results were found for Generation, or for the interaction between Culture x Generation (p>.05) Discussion As one of the fastest growing groups of Asian immigrants, Filipino immigrants are purposely trying to become part and to develop a positive attitude towards acculturating to the host culture, at least to some extent. However, it is understandable that the process of acculturation have a distinct influence in the immigrants viewpoint and attitude towards life. The results suggest that the overall total scores of US-Filipino compared to US women were higher than the latter. Recent studies might suggest that acculturation may play a part in Filipino womens irrational beliefs about themselves. A past study on acculturation by Phinney and Flores (2002), affirms that the two dimensions of the phenomenon (mainstream adaptation and ethnic retention) can be independent and have different influences to its outcomes. The results of their study showed that the bicultural (integrated) individual is more likely to be involved in mainstream American society as well as to manifest sex role attitudes closely similar to that of the mainstream, and yet manage to retain their own racial social networks and native language. Later generations of immigrants are also expected to be more prone to changes associated with both dimensions of acculturation; that is, they typically retain less of their ethnic culture and tend to be more accepting of the host culture t han earlier generations (Phinney Flores, 2002). On the other hand, the present study showed no significant effect for generational differences (mother vs. daughter) in either culture (US-Filipino or US women). It was expected that Filipino women would score higher than their US counterparts because of societal expectations and traditional gender schema on women. Filipino women are expected to manifest certain characteristics such as capability of building a family, running the household and responsibility for taking care of others need before her own to name a few. Some researchers propose that immigrants do not simply yield their old or native values for new ones, but rather select, and modify to adapt to the new environment (Choi Thomas, 2007; Buriel, 1993; Mendoza, 1989). Although most Filipino immigrants eventually become accustomed to their new environment, they also retain their traditional cultural traits, beliefs, values, and mores which may result to a conflict in their b elief system and a higher level of irrational belief. However, when it comes to Generation, the non-significant differences between Filipino daughters and mothers may be found in that the cultural expectation of both generations (Filipino mothers vs. Filipino daughters) has rooted its ideals from our past generations belief as a collective community as opposed to individualistic values. It is an integral characteristic of the ideal Filipino family to have children who highly adhere to the familys values and principles and to behave according to these passed on standards. Daughters are taught to greatly exhibit the same positive qualities that their mothers exhibit and this practice have a substantial influence on the non-significant differences in the point of view of both generations. In terms of posthoc comparisons, where individual sub scale scores were obtained for Demand, Awfulizing, Negative Self Talk and LFT, a significant effect was only found on Demand of Filipino women vs. US women. This suggests that Filipino women experience higher emotional stress than their US counterparts. First generation immigrants, as they are called, sometimes experience acculturation and cultural pressure to adapt. Cultural adaptation to the host country may suggest conflict with the traditional culture of the heritage country while parents try to raise their children on both cultures. Prior researches show that Filipino immigrants tend to lose their traditional customs and values as they acculturate to ways of life in the United States (Del Prado Church, 2010). Being torn between adhering to their conservative cultural values and the ability to access the opportunities of their contemporary American culture can create stress and conflict (Napholz Mo, 2010). The Socio-cultural differences that include the Asian collective culture versus the American individual culture, extended versus dominant nuclear family lifestyle, isolative American lifestyle, womens roles, communication styles, and child-rearing practices have a vast impact on the Filipino immigrant womens self-esteem and sense of control over their lives (Napholz Mo, 2010). As Filipino women become more acculturated to their host countrys cultural values, factors such as their origins, psychosocial and economic stress, as well as their compliance to traditional cultural values may have an influence in the nature and quality of their present lives (McBride, Morioka-Douglas, Yeo, 1996). High scores on each subscale according to the OKelly Women Belief Scales or OWBS (OKelly, 2010) suggest that Filipino women have higher irrational beliefs on the traditional feminine gender role as their culture may have manifested on them over the years. The Demand subscale (element at which people reveal their musts and shoulds) suggests that Filipino women need to reach certain expectations according to their culture. A high score in this subscale suggests that Filipino women, compared to US women strive more to reach expectations set forth by their society as a result from a collectivist point of view. Almost every society has prescribed roles that women and men are expected to satisfy, however the strictness of these standards vary across cultural societies. In the Filipino culture, individuals that belong to the society are expected to respect and conform to the rules of the society as exactly as possible. Deviating from the accepted norms and social roles brings forth unforgiving criticisms not just from the society at large, but by ones own immediate family as well. A traditional Filipino family is not usually inclined to being tolerant to issues and practices foreign to them, as they believe that everyone should behave accord ing to what is widely accepted. Thus, the process of acculturating to a new culture that has some aspects that conflict with the Filipino culture can be very perplexing and stressful to Filipino women striving to develop positive attitudes toward the process. An example question from this subscale was I must have a child to be fulfilled; Filipinos are expected to be capable of building a family and both generations (mother vs. daughter) must reach this expectation as their society and past generations expects them to. This idealized notion of womanhood is for a woman to think of her family (collective vs. individual) (Agbayani-Siewert, 1994) as mentioned came from most of the Oriental cultures belief of collectivism vs. individualism. In short, the expectation that Filipino women would score higher than their US counterparts because of societal expectations and traditional gender schema on women was confirmed.

From Boy to Man in Flight, by John Steinbeck and The Bear by William Faulkner :: Faulkner Bear Essays

From Boy to Man in Flight, by John Steinbeck and The Bear by William Faulkner Flight, by John Steinbeck and The Bear by William Faulkner were both stories that dealt with the journey from boyhood to manhood. They were alike in many ways, a particularly interesting way was that in both stories, the journey to becoming a man was assisted by others, but ultimately it fell on the lone boy becoming a man on his own. The two boys in the story became men, but in two very different ways. In Flight Pepe is forced to make the transition to manhood as a result of his killing a man. He has to face up to the consequences of his actions, and he becomes a man by facing up to his actions. In The Bear, Faulkner portrays the journey to manhood as a less traumatic experience. The boy in the story hears about the legend of the great Bear, and is consumed by a boyhood longing to become a "man" by killing the Bear. His journies through the woods and his proficiency as a woodsmen are metaphor's Faulkner presents as an allegorical representation of a persons journey through life, exp eriencing and mastering the different skills within the "journey". When the boy has finally become wise enough to confront the Bear, he realizes that what the Bear stands for is far more important than his killing of the Bear ever could be. He realizes that anyone could attack the Bear and kill it, but in the restraint of the boyhood urge for glory and respect he finds that he has preserved these virtues in himself and the Bear as well. Steinbeck and Faulkner both portray the defining point of manhood as the point at which a boy must decide between restraining the urge to grasp the respect associated with manhood or grasping for that respect at any cost. Pepe grabbed for the respect when his manhood was challenged, he killed a man, and had to admit he was wrong before he could become a man. The boy from The Bear on the other hand chose not to grab for the respect and glory of manhood when he decided not to shoot the bear, and became a man as a result of that decision.

Living for Normality :: Cultural Culture Essays

Living for Normality Most people want to be normal. The definition of normal however, depends on the culture of the person making the judgment. Far too often, normal is defined in America by looking at the actions and beliefs of the average white middle class family. This definition of normal fails to let other cultures to be accepted, creating distance and misunderstanding. One type of culture, which has traditionally been labeled as uncivilized, are those found in Africa. Other more civilized cultures tend to look down on those who belong to African cultures, labeling their customs and ways of life as abnormal. Randall Bass, an Associate Professor of English at Georgetown University, made an interesting argument in his book, Bordertexts: Cultural Readings for Contemporary Writer. Bass describes a passage from a local newspaper out of Louisville, Kentucky. The newspaper coined the phrase, "national geographic nudity" in describing a movie. Bass's impression of the phrase is shown in the following passage, "Somehow the phrase 'national geographic nudity' implies that the natives were not as present or as visible as the other people in the movie." Here Bass is proving the point of cultural differences relating to the definition of normality. While the natives view their nudity as normal, nudity is generally not accepted by any class from America. This dif ference is a prime example of clashing definitions of what cultures accept to be normal. The next step up the ladder of normality is the lower class. Unlike the natives who don't look to fit into the normal set by American middle class, American lower class are constantly looking for ways to improve. PBS ran a very interesting special on classes within the United States. In the special, "People Like Us," was a section devoted to a woman named Tammy and her family. Tammy is a typical lower class citizen; she lives in a trailer in a small town, trash piled around, and no car to drive. After being on welfare for eighteen years, Tammy got a job at a Burger King restaurant 15 miles away. Tammy wants to become better; in fact she wants to go back to school. "I'm hoping to go to college and be a school teacher. That was my goal from the time I was five years old up until now." Even though Tammy wants to move up a class, she still realizes to which group she belongs.

What Qualities do you Look for in a Friend

I know a trusty friend when I see one. My friend could be anyone from a 3 year old to an old person; a school going or maybe a housewife, it could also be someone who is retired living just round the next corner of our street, and giving a friendly smile when I pass by, it could be anyone or might just be a waving friend who is on his way to work, while leaving their footprints on peoples heart, and their footsteps echoing down the dusky lane†¦.As you might not expect this, but the first thing I would search for in a friend is a rib-tickling nature, one who does not feel bad for anything, it is not only valuable for your problems but you also need someone to make fun with. Everyone needs to laugh and some humour is necessary in a friendship, getting a friend is not a dime a dozen, next I would want my friend to be a good listener and an entertaining talker, I can’t have a friend who doesn’t listen to me or is mum’s the word, I wouldn't like to go to a movie or hangout with someone like that.It’s not that I want someone who is a picture perfect person but someone who would love to do a mistake togather and still keep smiling and laughing, my friend should also be an honest person, and tell me the truth whether it’s about me or someone else, because that’s what real friends do, A real friend will always tell the truth no matter what! It’s not important that my friend should be the most popular in school or the most fashionable or the brainy one but also not a fuddy-duddy one too, or not someone who would hit the books too often, equally I would also want my friend to be respectful, caring and a jolly person.However, everyone has different opinions and it is important that my friend shows enough respect for my point of view, as well as myself giving them enough respect, some factors like these if not maintained in a friendship can pull the plug, My friend should also not be like Queer the pitch sort of person. Lastly my friend would be someone who is friendly, trustworthy, and not a betrayer or someone who would want the whole nine yards, but someone with whom I could say â€Å"Variety is the spice of life†, the day when I’ll get such a friend will be the day when the X marks the spot.

Human Anatomy Essay

1.Dependent Variable: plasma levels of glucose, ketones, insulin, and glucagon 2.Independent Variable: food and beverage intake 3.Controlled Variables: physical activity, caffeine and alcohol intake, gender, age, BMI 4.Why were physical activity and caffeine and alcohol intake the controlled variables? 5.What type of assay was used to measure plasma glucose and ketone levels? 6.What type of assay was used to measure plasma insulin and glucagon levels? 1.When was plasma glucose concentration highest? If values are similar for several time points (within a few points of each other), then give range of times when plasma glucose concentration was highest. 2.When was plasma glucose concentration lowest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma glucose concentration was lowest. 3.When was plasma ketone concentration highest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma ketone concentration was highest. 4.When was plasma ketone concentration lowest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma ketone concentration was lowest. 1.When was plasma insulin concentration highest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma insulin concentration was highest. 2.When was plasma insulin concentration lowest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma insulin concentration was lowest. 3.When was plasma glucagon concentration highest? If values are similar for  several time points, then give range of times when plasma glucagon concentration was highest. 4.When was plasma glucagon concentration lowest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma glucagon concentration was lowest. 5.When was plasma insulin/glucagon concentration highest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma insulin/glucagon concentration was highest. 6.When was plasma insulin/glucagon concentration lowest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma insulin/glucagon concentration was lowest. Discussion 1.Explain how insulin changed plasma glucose concentration over the course of the experiment. 2.Explain how glucagon changed plasma glucose concentration over the course of the experiment. 3.Explain what caused the change in plasma ketone concentration over the course of the experiment. 4.Explain how negative feedback caused the changes in plasma insulin concentration observed during the experiment. 5.Explain how negative feedback caused the changes in plasma glucagon concentration observed during the experiment. 6.The insulin/glucagon ratio changed over the course of the experiment indicating changes in glucose storage and changes in ability to increase blood glucose concentration via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. State  when glucose storage capability was highest and why. 7.State when glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis were highest and why. 8.Explain how a high blood ketone level helps the body conserve blood glucose. It means that you body is capable of burning a significant amount of fat and you can dispel it in your urine.Most people rely on glucose in the blood for energy. Insulin is a hormone that takes up glucose into cells where it can be burned or stored for later use. 9.Restate your predictions that were correct and give the data from your experiment that supports them. Restate your predictions that were not correct and correct them, giving the data from your experiment that supports the correction. Application 1.During exercise, epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from the adrenal medulla. Epinephrine and norepinephrine have the same effect on plasma glucose levels as glucagon. Explain how epinephrine and norepinephrine affect plasma glucose and why this is important during exercise. 2.The symptoms of diabetes mellitus include high plasma glucose levels and ketoacidosis (blood pH decreases due to increasing levels of ketones). Explain how diabetes causes these symptoms.